ATR 257 Exam 3 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Motions of Shoulder - Answers FL & EXT, ABD & ADD, IR & ER, horizontal ABD & horizontal ADD,
circumduction
Scapular Elevation - Answers shoulder shrug
Scapular Depression - Answers opposite of elevation
Scapular Retraction - Answers pinch shoulder blades together
Scapular Protraction - Answers opposite of retraction
Scapula - Answers aka shoulder blade; spine, superior angle, inferior angle, medial/vertebral
border, lateral/axillary border, acromion process, & coracoid process
Clavicle - Answers aka collar bone; distal/lateral end & proximal/medial end; "S" shaped
Sternum - Answers
Humerus - Answers head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, bicipital groove, shaft; GH jt. is
ball & socket jt. but glenoid fossa if flat & humeral head is round, causing increased movability
but decreases stability
Thorax - Answers ribs; specifically posterior aspect of ribs 2-8
Joints - Answers glenohumeral (GH), acromioclavicular (AC), sternoclavicular (SC), &
scapulothoracic (ST)
Anterior Muscles - Answers FL shoulder & may FL elbow
Posterior Muscles - Answers EXT shoulder & may EXT the elbow
Lateral Muscles - Answers ABD shoulder
Medial Muscles - Answers ADD shoulder
Deep Muscles - Answers IR & ER shoulder
Deltoids - Answers forms "cap" of the shoulder; 1 muscle w/ 3 parts; originate an acromion
process & insert on lateral shaft of humerus
Anterior Deltoid - Answers shoulder FL
Middle Deltoid - Answers shoulder ABD
Posterior Deltoid - Answers shoulder EXT
Biceps brachii - Answers 1 muscle w/ 2 heads (long & short); crosses shoulder & elbow causing
,shoulder & elbow FL
Biceps Tendon - Answers tendon of long head runs through biceptal groove of humerus & over
the humeral head to attach to the scapula, resulting in a tendon running b/w 2 bones; when
shoulder in neutral RO or ER, Biceps tendon is ok during shoulder FL; when shoulder in IR,
Biceps gets pinched under acromion process during shoulder FL above 90⁰; ER is easier that IR
when FL
Triceps brachii - Answers 1 muscle w/ 3 heads; crosses shoulder & elbow to EXT both
Rotator Cuff - Answers 4 muscles; begin on scapula & end on greater or lesser tuberosity of
humerus; stabilizes GH jt. & shoulder IR & ER; small muscles made for endurance NOT brute
strength; Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, & Subscapularis
Supraspinatus - Answers runs from above spine of scapula & under acromion process to attach
on top of greater tuberosity of humerus; holds humeral head in glenoid fossa & shoulder ABD
Supraspinatus Tendon - Answers position results in a muscle/tendon running b/w 2 bones; w/
shoulder ABD above 90⁰, tendon can be pinched under acromion process, esp. w/ shoulder IR &
ER @ same time
Infraspinatus & Teres Minor - Answers run from below spine of scapula to attach on back of
greater tuberosity of humerus; holds humeral head in glenoid fossa & shoulder ER
Subscapularis - Answers runs from anterior surface of scapula to attach on front of lesser
tuberosity of humerus; holds humeral head in glenoid fossa & shoulder IR
Upper Trapezius - Answers 1 part of larger 3 part muscle; begins on neck spinous processes &
attaches on scapular spine; shoulder elevation & neck EXT
Pectoralis major - Answers runs from sternum to upper shaft of humerus; tendon forms the
anterior border of the axilla (armpit); shoulder horizontal ADD
Latissimus dorsi - Answers runs from spine & posterior pelvis to upper shaft of humerus;
tendon forms the posterior border of the axilla; shoulder horizontal ADD
Nerves - Answers ALL supply sensation & movement to upper extremity come from spinal cord
through brachial plexus
Ligaments - Answers ligaments of GH jt. are VERY thin & weak; added support to GH jt. capsule;
AC jt. is supported by AC ligament & 2 other ligaments
Bursae - Answers Subcoracoid (b/w coracoid process & jt. capsule), Subdeltoid (under Deltoid),
Subacromial (extension of subdeltoid)
To have full shoulder ABD - Answers you want full motion @ the GH jt. & ST articulation (for
every 30⁰ of shoulder ABD you have 20⁰ of motion @ the GH jt. & 10⁰ of rotation @ the ST jt.)
, Clavicle rotates slightly during all shoulder motions - Answers results in movement of the AC &
SC jts.
Rotator cuff muscles are working during ALL shoulder motions - Answers they contract to keep
head of humerus in the glenoid fossa
Clavicle Fx - Answers Mech:
~ fall on point of shoulder, fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH), DB
middle 1/3 is most common site (where clavicle changes shape)
S&S:
~ p!, obvious deformity, point tenderness, swelling
Tx:
~sling, ice, monitor VS & for shock, refer to MD, figure 8 brace, surgery may be req. for severe fx
AC Joint Sprain - Answers aka shoulder pointer, shoulder separation, receiver's shoulder
Mech:
~ fall on tip of shoulder, FOOSH
S&S:
~ p!, point tenderness, possible deformity w/ Grade 2 & 3, loss of ROM
Tx:
~ ice, sling, refer to MD
SC Joint Dx - Answers Mech:
~ FOOSH, fall on point of shoulder, DB, hyper-horizontal ABD
Posterior Dx can be LIFE THREATENING!!!
~ may impinge cardiac vessel, respiratory organ, etc.)
S&S:
~ p!, possible obvious deformity, point tenderness
Tx:
~ ice, activate EMS, monitor VS & breathing
Motions of Shoulder - Answers FL & EXT, ABD & ADD, IR & ER, horizontal ABD & horizontal ADD,
circumduction
Scapular Elevation - Answers shoulder shrug
Scapular Depression - Answers opposite of elevation
Scapular Retraction - Answers pinch shoulder blades together
Scapular Protraction - Answers opposite of retraction
Scapula - Answers aka shoulder blade; spine, superior angle, inferior angle, medial/vertebral
border, lateral/axillary border, acromion process, & coracoid process
Clavicle - Answers aka collar bone; distal/lateral end & proximal/medial end; "S" shaped
Sternum - Answers
Humerus - Answers head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, bicipital groove, shaft; GH jt. is
ball & socket jt. but glenoid fossa if flat & humeral head is round, causing increased movability
but decreases stability
Thorax - Answers ribs; specifically posterior aspect of ribs 2-8
Joints - Answers glenohumeral (GH), acromioclavicular (AC), sternoclavicular (SC), &
scapulothoracic (ST)
Anterior Muscles - Answers FL shoulder & may FL elbow
Posterior Muscles - Answers EXT shoulder & may EXT the elbow
Lateral Muscles - Answers ABD shoulder
Medial Muscles - Answers ADD shoulder
Deep Muscles - Answers IR & ER shoulder
Deltoids - Answers forms "cap" of the shoulder; 1 muscle w/ 3 parts; originate an acromion
process & insert on lateral shaft of humerus
Anterior Deltoid - Answers shoulder FL
Middle Deltoid - Answers shoulder ABD
Posterior Deltoid - Answers shoulder EXT
Biceps brachii - Answers 1 muscle w/ 2 heads (long & short); crosses shoulder & elbow causing
,shoulder & elbow FL
Biceps Tendon - Answers tendon of long head runs through biceptal groove of humerus & over
the humeral head to attach to the scapula, resulting in a tendon running b/w 2 bones; when
shoulder in neutral RO or ER, Biceps tendon is ok during shoulder FL; when shoulder in IR,
Biceps gets pinched under acromion process during shoulder FL above 90⁰; ER is easier that IR
when FL
Triceps brachii - Answers 1 muscle w/ 3 heads; crosses shoulder & elbow to EXT both
Rotator Cuff - Answers 4 muscles; begin on scapula & end on greater or lesser tuberosity of
humerus; stabilizes GH jt. & shoulder IR & ER; small muscles made for endurance NOT brute
strength; Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, & Subscapularis
Supraspinatus - Answers runs from above spine of scapula & under acromion process to attach
on top of greater tuberosity of humerus; holds humeral head in glenoid fossa & shoulder ABD
Supraspinatus Tendon - Answers position results in a muscle/tendon running b/w 2 bones; w/
shoulder ABD above 90⁰, tendon can be pinched under acromion process, esp. w/ shoulder IR &
ER @ same time
Infraspinatus & Teres Minor - Answers run from below spine of scapula to attach on back of
greater tuberosity of humerus; holds humeral head in glenoid fossa & shoulder ER
Subscapularis - Answers runs from anterior surface of scapula to attach on front of lesser
tuberosity of humerus; holds humeral head in glenoid fossa & shoulder IR
Upper Trapezius - Answers 1 part of larger 3 part muscle; begins on neck spinous processes &
attaches on scapular spine; shoulder elevation & neck EXT
Pectoralis major - Answers runs from sternum to upper shaft of humerus; tendon forms the
anterior border of the axilla (armpit); shoulder horizontal ADD
Latissimus dorsi - Answers runs from spine & posterior pelvis to upper shaft of humerus;
tendon forms the posterior border of the axilla; shoulder horizontal ADD
Nerves - Answers ALL supply sensation & movement to upper extremity come from spinal cord
through brachial plexus
Ligaments - Answers ligaments of GH jt. are VERY thin & weak; added support to GH jt. capsule;
AC jt. is supported by AC ligament & 2 other ligaments
Bursae - Answers Subcoracoid (b/w coracoid process & jt. capsule), Subdeltoid (under Deltoid),
Subacromial (extension of subdeltoid)
To have full shoulder ABD - Answers you want full motion @ the GH jt. & ST articulation (for
every 30⁰ of shoulder ABD you have 20⁰ of motion @ the GH jt. & 10⁰ of rotation @ the ST jt.)
, Clavicle rotates slightly during all shoulder motions - Answers results in movement of the AC &
SC jts.
Rotator cuff muscles are working during ALL shoulder motions - Answers they contract to keep
head of humerus in the glenoid fossa
Clavicle Fx - Answers Mech:
~ fall on point of shoulder, fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH), DB
middle 1/3 is most common site (where clavicle changes shape)
S&S:
~ p!, obvious deformity, point tenderness, swelling
Tx:
~sling, ice, monitor VS & for shock, refer to MD, figure 8 brace, surgery may be req. for severe fx
AC Joint Sprain - Answers aka shoulder pointer, shoulder separation, receiver's shoulder
Mech:
~ fall on tip of shoulder, FOOSH
S&S:
~ p!, point tenderness, possible deformity w/ Grade 2 & 3, loss of ROM
Tx:
~ ice, sling, refer to MD
SC Joint Dx - Answers Mech:
~ FOOSH, fall on point of shoulder, DB, hyper-horizontal ABD
Posterior Dx can be LIFE THREATENING!!!
~ may impinge cardiac vessel, respiratory organ, etc.)
S&S:
~ p!, possible obvious deformity, point tenderness
Tx:
~ ice, activate EMS, monitor VS & breathing
