NRNP 6568 WEEK 9 QUIZ
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS UPDATED 2025
Development as a dynamic, lifelong process - answer-Development reflects
gradual, ongoing changes and expanding capabilities that build on earlier skills
across the entire lifespan, not just in childhood.
Developmental milestones - answer-Observable achievements in skills or
behaviors (e.g., walking, first words) that typically occur in a predictable sequence
and support later, more complex abilities.
Biophysical domain of development - answer-Aspect of development involving
organ systems, brain growth, sensory abilities, and motor skills.
Cognitive domain of development - answer-Aspect of development involving
information processing, language, learning, memory, and problem solving.
Psychosocial domain of development - answer-Aspect of development involving
temperament, emotional regulation, attachment, personality, and relationships.
,Cephalocaudal development - answer-Developmental pattern in which growth
and control progress from head to toe (head control → trunk control →
standing/walking).
Proximodistal development - answer-Developmental pattern in which growth and
control progress from the center of the body outward (trunk → arms → hands →
fingers).
Theory of Mind (ToM) - answer-The ability to understand that others have their
own thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions that may differ from one's own.
Typical age for basic Theory of Mind tasks - answer-Many children can pass basic
ToM tasks (e.g., false-belief tasks) by about 4-5 years old.
ToM and social competence - answer-Better ToM is associated with stronger
social skills and better peer relationships.
Classical conditioning (Watson/Pavlov) - answer-Learning process in which a
neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, producing a
conditioned response.
Operant conditioning (Skinner) - answer-Learning process in which behavior is
shaped by consequences (reinforcement and punishment).
Positive reinforcement - answer-Adding a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to
increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
,Negative reinforcement - answer-Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a
behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Punishment (operant conditioning) - answer-Applying or removing a stimulus
after a behavior to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Bandura's observational learning (modelling) - answer-Learning by watching and
imitating others' behaviors, even without direct reinforcement or punishment.
Self-efficacy (Bandura) - answer-An individual's belief in their ability to
successfully manage tasks, behaviors, and situations.
Ethology (developmental focus) - answer-Study of evolutionary and adaptive
behaviors and how they support survival.
Imprinting (Lorenz) - answer-Innate, time-limited process in which certain animals
form strong attachments during critical periods.
Bowlby's attachment theory - core idea - answer-Infants need consistent,
sensitive attachment to at least one primary caregiver during early life to support
optimal socioemotional development.
Sensitive periods (Bowlby) - answer-Optimal times for development of
attachment relationships, though bonding is not absolutely restricted to these
windows.
, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory - answer-A model that views child
development as influenced by multiple nested environmental systems that
interact over time.
Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Immediate environments the child
directly interacts with (e.g., family, school, peers, daycare).
Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Interconnections among microsystems
(e.g., relationships between home and school).
Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Settings the child does not directly
participate in but that affect them (e.g., parent's workplace, school board, health
services, media).
Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Broader cultural, social, and political
context, including laws, values, beliefs, and social class.
Chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-The dimension of time, including life
transitions and sociohistorical circumstances.
Intersectionality (in development) - answer-Concept describing how overlapping
identities (e.g., race, gender, class) interact to create unique experiences of
privilege and discrimination.
Growth pattern in middle childhood - answer-Occurs in spurts, not continuous
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS UPDATED 2025
Development as a dynamic, lifelong process - answer-Development reflects
gradual, ongoing changes and expanding capabilities that build on earlier skills
across the entire lifespan, not just in childhood.
Developmental milestones - answer-Observable achievements in skills or
behaviors (e.g., walking, first words) that typically occur in a predictable sequence
and support later, more complex abilities.
Biophysical domain of development - answer-Aspect of development involving
organ systems, brain growth, sensory abilities, and motor skills.
Cognitive domain of development - answer-Aspect of development involving
information processing, language, learning, memory, and problem solving.
Psychosocial domain of development - answer-Aspect of development involving
temperament, emotional regulation, attachment, personality, and relationships.
,Cephalocaudal development - answer-Developmental pattern in which growth
and control progress from head to toe (head control → trunk control →
standing/walking).
Proximodistal development - answer-Developmental pattern in which growth and
control progress from the center of the body outward (trunk → arms → hands →
fingers).
Theory of Mind (ToM) - answer-The ability to understand that others have their
own thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions that may differ from one's own.
Typical age for basic Theory of Mind tasks - answer-Many children can pass basic
ToM tasks (e.g., false-belief tasks) by about 4-5 years old.
ToM and social competence - answer-Better ToM is associated with stronger
social skills and better peer relationships.
Classical conditioning (Watson/Pavlov) - answer-Learning process in which a
neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, producing a
conditioned response.
Operant conditioning (Skinner) - answer-Learning process in which behavior is
shaped by consequences (reinforcement and punishment).
Positive reinforcement - answer-Adding a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to
increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
,Negative reinforcement - answer-Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a
behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Punishment (operant conditioning) - answer-Applying or removing a stimulus
after a behavior to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Bandura's observational learning (modelling) - answer-Learning by watching and
imitating others' behaviors, even without direct reinforcement or punishment.
Self-efficacy (Bandura) - answer-An individual's belief in their ability to
successfully manage tasks, behaviors, and situations.
Ethology (developmental focus) - answer-Study of evolutionary and adaptive
behaviors and how they support survival.
Imprinting (Lorenz) - answer-Innate, time-limited process in which certain animals
form strong attachments during critical periods.
Bowlby's attachment theory - core idea - answer-Infants need consistent,
sensitive attachment to at least one primary caregiver during early life to support
optimal socioemotional development.
Sensitive periods (Bowlby) - answer-Optimal times for development of
attachment relationships, though bonding is not absolutely restricted to these
windows.
, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory - answer-A model that views child
development as influenced by multiple nested environmental systems that
interact over time.
Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Immediate environments the child
directly interacts with (e.g., family, school, peers, daycare).
Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Interconnections among microsystems
(e.g., relationships between home and school).
Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Settings the child does not directly
participate in but that affect them (e.g., parent's workplace, school board, health
services, media).
Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-Broader cultural, social, and political
context, including laws, values, beliefs, and social class.
Chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - answer-The dimension of time, including life
transitions and sociohistorical circumstances.
Intersectionality (in development) - answer-Concept describing how overlapping
identities (e.g., race, gender, class) interact to create unique experiences of
privilege and discrimination.
Growth pattern in middle childhood - answer-Occurs in spurts, not continuous
