OPP - Exam 2 (LECOM-SH) Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
What structures does the gravitational line (Plum Line) pass through? - Answers Posterior to the
apex of Coronal Suture
External Auditory Meatus
Head of the Humerus
Middle of L3 Vertebra
Femoral head
Posterior to mid-knee
Anterior to Lateral Malleolus
What is the location of Center of Gravity in a person? - Answers 5cm anterior to S2 Vertebra
What are the 4 characteristics of Upright Posture in humans? - Answers Statically Unstable
Resembles 3 inverted pyramids
Potential Energy is maximized
Allows rotation around vertical axis (midline axis)-Teleceptors orient very quickly
What are Teleceptors and when do they orient quickly? - Answers Teleceptors - sensory nerves
in eyes, ear, nose that are sensitive to distant stimuli.
They orient quickly in rotation around vertical/midline axis in upright posture.
What curve is present at birth? - Answers Thoracic Kyphosis and Sacral Kyphosis (Concave
anteriorly and convex posteriorly)
What curve is present in Neonates? - Answers Cervical Lordosis (Convex anteriorly and Concave
posteriorly) - they have head control - cervical extensor muscles develop
What curve is present in Toddlers? - Answers Lumbar Lordosis (Concave posteriorly and Convex
anteriorly) - back muscles develop as child begins to walk
What curve is present in Juvenile? - Answers Increased Lumbar Lordosis
Decreased Thoracic Kyphosis
What is a Primary Curvature? - Answers It is present at birth - Thoracic and Sacral Kyphosis
What is a secondary curvature? - Answers Develops as the child begins to raise his head and
later walk - Cervical Lordosis and Lumbar Lordosis
,What curvature is convex posteriorly? - Answers Thoracic and Sacral Kyphosis
What curvature is convex anteriorly? - Answers Cervical and Lumbar Lordosis
What is Swayback? - Answers Lordosis
What muscles are active in standing position? - Answers Postural 'anti-gravity' muscles:
Calves (Gastrocnemius and Soleus) Muscles
Neck Muscles
Jaw Muscles
Postural Anti-gravity muscles includes ____ - Answers Calves (Gastrocnemius and Soleus)
Muscles
Neck Muscles
Jaw Muscles
Postural Compensation occurs in what three planes? - Answers Sagittal Plane
Coronal Plane
Axial (transverse) Plane
Dysfunction causes _____ to the posture? - Answers contorts posture to maintain eye level
What is the compensation for Right Thoracic Scoliosis? - Answers Cervical Spine bend to the
left
CNS integration of proprioception, vestibular and Visual information
What is spinal compensation? - Answers Involves CNS integration of:
Proprioceptive info from muscles & tendons
Vestibular info from semi-circular canal
Visual info
What areas of the curve are most susceptible to somatic dysfunction? - Answers Transition
Zones:
Occipito-cervical Junction
Cervico-thoracic Junction
Thoraco-lumbar Junction
, Lumbo-sacral junction
Apex of the curves
Where on the spine Type II somatic dysfunction commonly found? - Answers End of the Curve
Apex of the Curve
Compensatory Changes: Increased Lumbar Lordosis causes ________ - Answers Increase
Thoracic Kyphosis
Increase Cervical Lordosis
What is the appropriate method of spinal loading? - Answers When lifting - bend your knees
keeping your back straight (Do NOT bend at waist)
What are the 4 characteristics of Scheuerman's Kyphosis? - Answers Excessive Thoracic
Kyphosis
Runs in family - (not caused by poor posture)
Hump or 'Gibbus' is observed in Thoracic Spine
Anterior wedging in vertebra is observed
How do we treat Scheuermann's Kyphosis? - Answers CORE strenghtening
Hamstring
Paraspinal Muscle
Maintain Weight
Surgery
What is Hemiplegic Gait? - Answers Extensor Synergies
Paralysis of arm, leg and trunk on the same side
Example = stroke
Hip extension & internal rotation
Knee extension
Plantar Flexion & foot Inversion
What is the orientation in Hemiplegic Gait? - Answers Hip extension & internal rotation
What structures does the gravitational line (Plum Line) pass through? - Answers Posterior to the
apex of Coronal Suture
External Auditory Meatus
Head of the Humerus
Middle of L3 Vertebra
Femoral head
Posterior to mid-knee
Anterior to Lateral Malleolus
What is the location of Center of Gravity in a person? - Answers 5cm anterior to S2 Vertebra
What are the 4 characteristics of Upright Posture in humans? - Answers Statically Unstable
Resembles 3 inverted pyramids
Potential Energy is maximized
Allows rotation around vertical axis (midline axis)-Teleceptors orient very quickly
What are Teleceptors and when do they orient quickly? - Answers Teleceptors - sensory nerves
in eyes, ear, nose that are sensitive to distant stimuli.
They orient quickly in rotation around vertical/midline axis in upright posture.
What curve is present at birth? - Answers Thoracic Kyphosis and Sacral Kyphosis (Concave
anteriorly and convex posteriorly)
What curve is present in Neonates? - Answers Cervical Lordosis (Convex anteriorly and Concave
posteriorly) - they have head control - cervical extensor muscles develop
What curve is present in Toddlers? - Answers Lumbar Lordosis (Concave posteriorly and Convex
anteriorly) - back muscles develop as child begins to walk
What curve is present in Juvenile? - Answers Increased Lumbar Lordosis
Decreased Thoracic Kyphosis
What is a Primary Curvature? - Answers It is present at birth - Thoracic and Sacral Kyphosis
What is a secondary curvature? - Answers Develops as the child begins to raise his head and
later walk - Cervical Lordosis and Lumbar Lordosis
,What curvature is convex posteriorly? - Answers Thoracic and Sacral Kyphosis
What curvature is convex anteriorly? - Answers Cervical and Lumbar Lordosis
What is Swayback? - Answers Lordosis
What muscles are active in standing position? - Answers Postural 'anti-gravity' muscles:
Calves (Gastrocnemius and Soleus) Muscles
Neck Muscles
Jaw Muscles
Postural Anti-gravity muscles includes ____ - Answers Calves (Gastrocnemius and Soleus)
Muscles
Neck Muscles
Jaw Muscles
Postural Compensation occurs in what three planes? - Answers Sagittal Plane
Coronal Plane
Axial (transverse) Plane
Dysfunction causes _____ to the posture? - Answers contorts posture to maintain eye level
What is the compensation for Right Thoracic Scoliosis? - Answers Cervical Spine bend to the
left
CNS integration of proprioception, vestibular and Visual information
What is spinal compensation? - Answers Involves CNS integration of:
Proprioceptive info from muscles & tendons
Vestibular info from semi-circular canal
Visual info
What areas of the curve are most susceptible to somatic dysfunction? - Answers Transition
Zones:
Occipito-cervical Junction
Cervico-thoracic Junction
Thoraco-lumbar Junction
, Lumbo-sacral junction
Apex of the curves
Where on the spine Type II somatic dysfunction commonly found? - Answers End of the Curve
Apex of the Curve
Compensatory Changes: Increased Lumbar Lordosis causes ________ - Answers Increase
Thoracic Kyphosis
Increase Cervical Lordosis
What is the appropriate method of spinal loading? - Answers When lifting - bend your knees
keeping your back straight (Do NOT bend at waist)
What are the 4 characteristics of Scheuerman's Kyphosis? - Answers Excessive Thoracic
Kyphosis
Runs in family - (not caused by poor posture)
Hump or 'Gibbus' is observed in Thoracic Spine
Anterior wedging in vertebra is observed
How do we treat Scheuermann's Kyphosis? - Answers CORE strenghtening
Hamstring
Paraspinal Muscle
Maintain Weight
Surgery
What is Hemiplegic Gait? - Answers Extensor Synergies
Paralysis of arm, leg and trunk on the same side
Example = stroke
Hip extension & internal rotation
Knee extension
Plantar Flexion & foot Inversion
What is the orientation in Hemiplegic Gait? - Answers Hip extension & internal rotation
