NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Complete Questions and Guide Answers,
100% Verified Graded A+
1. Acute renal failure
Answer Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Pyelonephritis
Answer Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be diflcult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Answer Goals of Treatment
,Manage acute pain Promote
passage of stone Reduce size of
stone
Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Failure
Answer Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Answer End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyper- kalemia by itself is n
an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methano
, and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR 90-120
7. Stage II CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR 60-89
8. Stage III CKD
Answer There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
9. Stage IV CKD
Answer There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-29
10. Stage V CKD
Answer Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications of Decreased GFR
Answer Anemia Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Complete Questions and Guide Answers,
100% Verified Graded A+
1. Acute renal failure
Answer Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Pyelonephritis
Answer Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be diflcult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Answer Goals of Treatment
,Manage acute pain Promote
passage of stone Reduce size of
stone
Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Failure
Answer Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Answer End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyper- kalemia by itself is n
an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methano
, and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR 90-120
7. Stage II CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR 60-89
8. Stage III CKD
Answer There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
9. Stage IV CKD
Answer There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-29
10. Stage V CKD
Answer Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications of Decreased GFR
Answer Anemia Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
