Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver... - ANSoxygenated blood to
the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
what is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute? - ANScardiac output
-increasing with exercise and decreasing when at rest
can be calculated by HRX stroke volume
what do the vessels within the venous system prevent? - ANSthe vessels contain valves to
prevent retrograde, or backward, flow.
where in the vascular system is oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues and cellular
waste is removed.? - ANScapillary bed
where is the heart located? - ANSthe thoracic cavity between the lungs in a space called the
mediastinum.
It lies behind the sternum and rests on the diaphragm
what is the pericardium? - ANSa protective sac that contains the heart
-has serous fluid that provides a lubricant that allows the heart to beat without friction.
The AV valve between the right atrium and ventricle is the... - ANStricuspid valve.
The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is the... - ANSbicuspid, or mitral, valve.
how do valves work? - ANSWhen open, the valves allow flow from the atria into the
ventricle.
When the ventricles fill and the pressure within increases, the valves close to prevent
retrograde flow back into the atria
what is the pacemaker of the heart? - ANSthe sinoatrial (SA) node, has an inherent rate of 60
to 100 beats per minute (bpm).
what happens if the SA node fails? - ANSthe atrioventricular (AV) node can generate
impulses at rates of 40 to 60 bpm.
what happens if the SA and AV node fail? - ANSventricular cells can generate impulses at a
rate of 20 to 40 bpm.
Depolarization is the movement of... - ANSions preceding and facilitating cardiac mechanical
contraction.
Repolarization is the... - ANSmovement of ions back to the resting state
An absolute refractory period occurs... - ANSduring and immediately following
depolarization.
During this time, the cell is unresponsive to any stimulus.
The P wave corresponds to... - ANSatrial depolarization produced by the impulse from the
SA node through the atria.
Atrial contraction takes place milliseconds after depolarization.
what is the PR interval? - ANSthe beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS
complex reflects the time required for atrial depolarization and the delay of the impulse at the
AV node.
what is The PR segment? - ANSthe time immediately following the P wave to the beginning
of the QRS complex—reflects the delay at the AV node.
,Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
what is the QRS complex? - ANScorresponds to ventricular depolarization.
Ventricular contraction occurs ... - ANSafter the QRS complex in the ST segment.
Atrial repolarization occurs during ventricular contraction.
The QRS interval reflects... - ANSthe time required for ventricular depolarization.
The T wave corresponds to... - ANSventricular repolarization.
The QT interval reflects... - ANSthe time required for ventricular depolarization and
repolarization.
Diastole is when... - ANSfilling of the ventricles-relaxation
Systole is... - ANSthe ejection of blood from the ventricles-contraction
Factors that influence BP are... - ANSthe amount of blood ejected during systole, or CO,
the resistance to flow in the peripheral vessels, or peripheral vascular resistance.
Hormonal mechanisms that exert control over BP include... - ANSangiotensin II,
epinephrine and norepinephrine,
aldosterone,
antidiuretic hormone.
Cardiac output is calculated by the formula... - ANSHR × stroke volume (the amount of
blood ejected with each ventricular contraction)
when BP is low, the HR is.... - ANSincreased to maintain adequate CO
through the release of norepinephrine
Preload is the... - ANSamount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
increased volume=increased stretch of muscle tissue
Extreme overfilling decreases the effectiveness of the contraction, thus decreasing CO.
Afterload refers to the... - ANSresistance to blood flow the ventricle must overcome to open
the semilunar valves and eject its contents
Hypertension is implicated in the negative effects of increased afterload.
Contractility refers to the... - ANSforce of the mechanical contraction.
can be increased with sympathetic stimulation or calcium release. It can be decreased in the
face of hypoxia or acidosis.
what are some Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease? (5) - ANSfamily history of
CVD,
diabetes mellitus,
chronic renal disease,
hypertension,
dyslipidemia.
Central cyanosis appears as.... - ANSblue coloring in the mucous membranes, lips, and
tongue.
-usually caused by impaired heart or lung function
,Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
Peripheral cyanosis presents as.... and can be caused by.... - ANSblue discoloration of the
extremities,
can be caused by heart or lung failure but may also indicate peripheral vasoconstriction or
obstruction.
A friction rub is described as... - ANSa scratching or grating sound heard during both systole
and diastole.
=inflammation of the pericardium.
what are normal levels for total cholesterol? - ANS200 mg/dL or less.
what levels for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) can indicate heart disease? -
ANSless than 40 to 60 mg/dL, are a risk factor for heart disease.
what levels of Triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease? - ANSgreater than 150
mg/dL= risk factor for heart disease
what are Laboratory Markers of Acute Cardiac Damage or Injury? - ANSelevated:
Creatine kinase (CK)
Troponin
Myoglobin
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)- tells if theres fluid overload
Electrocardiography ECG assess what? - ANSthe electrical conduction system of the heart. It
is a graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity.
chest x-ray (CXR) provides information about the... - ANSsize, shape, and position of the
heart.
cannot diagnose heart disease but can highlight complications such as cardiac enlargement
what is a A coronary calcium scan? - ANSa specialized computed tomography scan of the
heart
assess for the presence or severity of coronary artery disease.
detect for the presence of calcium containing atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries.
what is a Echocardiography? - ANSultrasound to provide information on the size and
pumping function of the heart, blood-volume status, and valve function and integrity.
why would a cardiac stress test be done? - ANSto evaluate heart functioning during times of
increased workload.
what should the [patient avoid doing before a cardiac stress test ? - ANS● Not eat or drink for
4 hours before the procedure to avoid any nausea that might be associated with heavy
exercise
● Avoid smoking before the test
● Avoid caffeine before the test
what is an invasive x-ray procedure during which a radiopaque catheter is advanced through
an artery or vein to the heart under fluoroscopy in order to evaluate cardiac filling pressures,
CO, and valvular function? - ANSCardiac catheterization
, Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
what is the purpose of a Coronary angiography? - ANSinspecting the coronary arteries for
blockage and determining the necessity of revascularization procedures such as percutaneous
coronary intervention or coronary bypass surgery.
risks of doing a cardiac catheterization? - ANSbleeding
infection
dysrhythmias
extrasystole, or irregular beat
myocardial infarction,
perforation of the heart or great vessels,
stroke
what is patient prep for a cardiac catheterization? - ANSFasting 6 to 8 hours before procedure
Maintaining adequate fluid intake after the procedure
Avoiding strenuous activity until your provider gives the OK to resume normal activities
The normal PR interval is from... - ANS0.12 sec (three small boxes) to 0.20 sec (five small
boxes) in length.
The normal QRS interval is... - ANS0.06 to 0.10 sec in length.
A normal QT is usually less than or equal to ___________sec in length. - ANS0.52
what are potential causes of sinus bradycardia? - ANShypoxia and/or hypothermia.
can occur during sleep
can be normal rate in well-trained athletes.
what are potential symptoms of sinus bradycradia? - ANSsyncope,
chest pain,
hypotension,
shortness of breath (SOB),
diaphoresis
what is treatment for symptomatic sinus bradycardia - ANSatropine 1 mg IV push (IVP)
The use of a pacemaker could be considered if atropine is not sufficient
what are symptoms of Sinus Tachycardia? - ANSfever,
anemia,
hypovolemia,
hypotension,
pulmonary embolism (PE),
myocardial infarction (MI).
what is treatment for Sinus Tachycardia? - ANSif the patient is anemic and volume depleted,
the treatment may be as simple as administering red blood cells and IV fluids.
beta blockers (-lol) or calcium channel blockers (-pine) may be used to control or reduce the
HR
what is a non-life-threatening dysrhythmia where the pacemaker cell close to the SA node
fires earlier than expected? - ANSPremature atrial contractions (PACs)
what can cause Premature atrial contractions (PACs)? - ANShypoxia,
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver... - ANSoxygenated blood to
the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
what is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute? - ANScardiac output
-increasing with exercise and decreasing when at rest
can be calculated by HRX stroke volume
what do the vessels within the venous system prevent? - ANSthe vessels contain valves to
prevent retrograde, or backward, flow.
where in the vascular system is oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues and cellular
waste is removed.? - ANScapillary bed
where is the heart located? - ANSthe thoracic cavity between the lungs in a space called the
mediastinum.
It lies behind the sternum and rests on the diaphragm
what is the pericardium? - ANSa protective sac that contains the heart
-has serous fluid that provides a lubricant that allows the heart to beat without friction.
The AV valve between the right atrium and ventricle is the... - ANStricuspid valve.
The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is the... - ANSbicuspid, or mitral, valve.
how do valves work? - ANSWhen open, the valves allow flow from the atria into the
ventricle.
When the ventricles fill and the pressure within increases, the valves close to prevent
retrograde flow back into the atria
what is the pacemaker of the heart? - ANSthe sinoatrial (SA) node, has an inherent rate of 60
to 100 beats per minute (bpm).
what happens if the SA node fails? - ANSthe atrioventricular (AV) node can generate
impulses at rates of 40 to 60 bpm.
what happens if the SA and AV node fail? - ANSventricular cells can generate impulses at a
rate of 20 to 40 bpm.
Depolarization is the movement of... - ANSions preceding and facilitating cardiac mechanical
contraction.
Repolarization is the... - ANSmovement of ions back to the resting state
An absolute refractory period occurs... - ANSduring and immediately following
depolarization.
During this time, the cell is unresponsive to any stimulus.
The P wave corresponds to... - ANSatrial depolarization produced by the impulse from the
SA node through the atria.
Atrial contraction takes place milliseconds after depolarization.
what is the PR interval? - ANSthe beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS
complex reflects the time required for atrial depolarization and the delay of the impulse at the
AV node.
what is The PR segment? - ANSthe time immediately following the P wave to the beginning
of the QRS complex—reflects the delay at the AV node.
,Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
what is the QRS complex? - ANScorresponds to ventricular depolarization.
Ventricular contraction occurs ... - ANSafter the QRS complex in the ST segment.
Atrial repolarization occurs during ventricular contraction.
The QRS interval reflects... - ANSthe time required for ventricular depolarization.
The T wave corresponds to... - ANSventricular repolarization.
The QT interval reflects... - ANSthe time required for ventricular depolarization and
repolarization.
Diastole is when... - ANSfilling of the ventricles-relaxation
Systole is... - ANSthe ejection of blood from the ventricles-contraction
Factors that influence BP are... - ANSthe amount of blood ejected during systole, or CO,
the resistance to flow in the peripheral vessels, or peripheral vascular resistance.
Hormonal mechanisms that exert control over BP include... - ANSangiotensin II,
epinephrine and norepinephrine,
aldosterone,
antidiuretic hormone.
Cardiac output is calculated by the formula... - ANSHR × stroke volume (the amount of
blood ejected with each ventricular contraction)
when BP is low, the HR is.... - ANSincreased to maintain adequate CO
through the release of norepinephrine
Preload is the... - ANSamount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
increased volume=increased stretch of muscle tissue
Extreme overfilling decreases the effectiveness of the contraction, thus decreasing CO.
Afterload refers to the... - ANSresistance to blood flow the ventricle must overcome to open
the semilunar valves and eject its contents
Hypertension is implicated in the negative effects of increased afterload.
Contractility refers to the... - ANSforce of the mechanical contraction.
can be increased with sympathetic stimulation or calcium release. It can be decreased in the
face of hypoxia or acidosis.
what are some Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease? (5) - ANSfamily history of
CVD,
diabetes mellitus,
chronic renal disease,
hypertension,
dyslipidemia.
Central cyanosis appears as.... - ANSblue coloring in the mucous membranes, lips, and
tongue.
-usually caused by impaired heart or lung function
,Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
Peripheral cyanosis presents as.... and can be caused by.... - ANSblue discoloration of the
extremities,
can be caused by heart or lung failure but may also indicate peripheral vasoconstriction or
obstruction.
A friction rub is described as... - ANSa scratching or grating sound heard during both systole
and diastole.
=inflammation of the pericardium.
what are normal levels for total cholesterol? - ANS200 mg/dL or less.
what levels for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) can indicate heart disease? -
ANSless than 40 to 60 mg/dL, are a risk factor for heart disease.
what levels of Triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease? - ANSgreater than 150
mg/dL= risk factor for heart disease
what are Laboratory Markers of Acute Cardiac Damage or Injury? - ANSelevated:
Creatine kinase (CK)
Troponin
Myoglobin
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)- tells if theres fluid overload
Electrocardiography ECG assess what? - ANSthe electrical conduction system of the heart. It
is a graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity.
chest x-ray (CXR) provides information about the... - ANSsize, shape, and position of the
heart.
cannot diagnose heart disease but can highlight complications such as cardiac enlargement
what is a A coronary calcium scan? - ANSa specialized computed tomography scan of the
heart
assess for the presence or severity of coronary artery disease.
detect for the presence of calcium containing atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries.
what is a Echocardiography? - ANSultrasound to provide information on the size and
pumping function of the heart, blood-volume status, and valve function and integrity.
why would a cardiac stress test be done? - ANSto evaluate heart functioning during times of
increased workload.
what should the [patient avoid doing before a cardiac stress test ? - ANS● Not eat or drink for
4 hours before the procedure to avoid any nausea that might be associated with heavy
exercise
● Avoid smoking before the test
● Avoid caffeine before the test
what is an invasive x-ray procedure during which a radiopaque catheter is advanced through
an artery or vein to the heart under fluoroscopy in order to evaluate cardiac filling pressures,
CO, and valvular function? - ANSCardiac catheterization
, Med surg 4 exam 1 semester 9, burns exam 4
Med surg 3, exam 5 cumulative final med
surg 3, exam3 med surg, exam 2 med surg 3
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Latest
Updated 2025/2026.
what is the purpose of a Coronary angiography? - ANSinspecting the coronary arteries for
blockage and determining the necessity of revascularization procedures such as percutaneous
coronary intervention or coronary bypass surgery.
risks of doing a cardiac catheterization? - ANSbleeding
infection
dysrhythmias
extrasystole, or irregular beat
myocardial infarction,
perforation of the heart or great vessels,
stroke
what is patient prep for a cardiac catheterization? - ANSFasting 6 to 8 hours before procedure
Maintaining adequate fluid intake after the procedure
Avoiding strenuous activity until your provider gives the OK to resume normal activities
The normal PR interval is from... - ANS0.12 sec (three small boxes) to 0.20 sec (five small
boxes) in length.
The normal QRS interval is... - ANS0.06 to 0.10 sec in length.
A normal QT is usually less than or equal to ___________sec in length. - ANS0.52
what are potential causes of sinus bradycardia? - ANShypoxia and/or hypothermia.
can occur during sleep
can be normal rate in well-trained athletes.
what are potential symptoms of sinus bradycradia? - ANSsyncope,
chest pain,
hypotension,
shortness of breath (SOB),
diaphoresis
what is treatment for symptomatic sinus bradycardia - ANSatropine 1 mg IV push (IVP)
The use of a pacemaker could be considered if atropine is not sufficient
what are symptoms of Sinus Tachycardia? - ANSfever,
anemia,
hypovolemia,
hypotension,
pulmonary embolism (PE),
myocardial infarction (MI).
what is treatment for Sinus Tachycardia? - ANSif the patient is anemic and volume depleted,
the treatment may be as simple as administering red blood cells and IV fluids.
beta blockers (-lol) or calcium channel blockers (-pine) may be used to control or reduce the
HR
what is a non-life-threatening dysrhythmia where the pacemaker cell close to the SA node
fires earlier than expected? - ANSPremature atrial contractions (PACs)
what can cause Premature atrial contractions (PACs)? - ANShypoxia,
