Psl300 Endocrine System Questions And Correct Answers

PSL300 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
RegulationA2ofA2bloodA2pressureA2-A2Ans---
A2BloodA2pressureA2falls,A2sensedA2byA2*baroreceptors*A2inA2theA2*carotidA2artery*
-A2SignalA2isA2sentA2toA2medulla
-A2AutonomicA2systemA2isA2activated,A2constrictingA2arterialA2wallsA2inA2heart
-A2BloodA2pressureA2risesA2andA2stimulusA2isA2removed
-A2NegativeA2feedbackA2toA2maintainA2homeostasis

EndocrineA2systemA2-A2Ans---A2GlandsA2thatA2regulateA2hormones
-
A2*Hypothalamus*A2→A2hypothalamicA2hormoneA2→A2*anteriorA2pituitary*A2→A2anteriorA2pi
tuitaryA2hormoneA2→A2*peripheralA2endocrineA2gland*A2→A2peripheralA2glandA2hormoneA2
→A2target
-
A2NegativeA2feedback:A2hormonesA2producedA2byA2APA2inhibitA2releaseA2ofA2hypothalami
cA2hormone;A2peripheralA2glandA2hormoneA2inhibitsA2releaseA2ofA2bothA2APA2andA2hypoth
alamicA2hormone

HypothalamusA2-A2Ans---A2ResponsibleA2forA2thermoregulationA2andA2waterA2balance
-A2ReleasesA2hypothalamicA2hormonesA2synthesizedA2byA2neuronsA2(trophicA2hormoneA2-
A2inducesA2releaseA2ofA2anotherA2hormone)A2(e.g.A2CRH)


HypothalamicA2hormonesA2-A2Ans---
A2AllA2areA2trophicA2(stimulateA2releaseA2ofA2otherA2hormones)
-
A2AllA2areA2stimulatoryA2toA2tissuesA2(i.e.A2causesA2growth,A2hyperplasiaA2orA2hypertrophy)
-A2ExceptA2forA2*dopamine*A2andA2*somatostatin*,A2whichA2areA2inhibitoryA2depressants

AnteriorA2pituitaryA2-A2Ans---
A2HypothalamicA2hormoneA2travelA2throughA2*portalA2vessels*A2andA2stimulateA2releaseA2
ofA2anteriorA2pituitaryA2hormones
-A2GlandsA2produceA2anteriorA2pituitaryA2hormonesA2("FLATA2PEG")
-A2SuppressesA2furtherA2hormoneA2releaseA2fromA2hypothalamus
-
A2VasculatureA2withA2capillariesA2surroundingA2endocrineA2cellsA2andA2connectingA2toA2vei
nsA2inA2orderA2toA2distributeA2hormonesA2toA2restA2ofA2body

AnteriorA2pituitaryA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--7A2typesA2ofA2hormonesA2(FLATA2PEG):
1.A2FSHA2(e.g.A2estrogen,A2testosterone;A2toA2gonads)A2
2.A2LHA2(toA2gonads)
3.A2ACTHA2(e.g.A2cortisol;A2toA2adrenalA2cortex)
4.A2TSHA2(e.g.A2T3,A2T4;A2toA2thryoidA2gland)

,5.A2ProlactinA2(toA2mammaryA2glands)
6.A2EndorphinsA2(toA2brain)
7.A2GHA2(e.g.insulin-likeA2growthA2factors;A2toA2musculoskeletalA2system)

PeripheralA2endocrineA2glandA2-A2Ans---
A2ReleaseA2instigatedA2byA2anteriorA2pituitaryA2hormone
-
A2ProducesA2peripheralA2glandA2hormoneA2thatA2isA2sentA2toA2aA2targetA2inA2theA2bodyA2(e.
g.A2glucocorticoids,A2cortisol)
-A2InhibitsA2furtherA2hormoneA2releaseA2fromA2APA2orA2hypothalamus

OxytocinA2-A2Ans---A2ControlsA2uterineA2contractions
-A2PositiveA2feedback:A2
-
A2WhenA2babyA2dropsA2andA2sensoryA2receptorsA2senseA2stretchingA2ofA2cervix,A2oxytocin
A2isA2releasedA2fromA2theA2posteriorA2pituitary,A2creatingA2uterineA2contractions
-
A2ContractionA2movesA2babyA2furtherA2intoA2cervix,A2causingA2greaterA2releaseA2ofA2oxyto
cinA2andA2thusA2moreA2uterineA2contractions

BiologicalA2rhythmsA2-A2Ans---A2E.g.A2circadianA2rhythms
-A2NaturalA2fluctuationsA2inA2biologicalA2rhythmsA2dueA2toA2timeA2ofA2day
-
A2E.g.A2cortisol,A2whichA2mobilizesA2glucoseA2inA2responseA2toA2stress,A2variesA2according
A2toA2circadianA2rhythms


IntercellularA2communicationA2-A2Ans---A2KeyA2toA2maintainingA2homeostasis
-A2LocalA2communication:A2gapA2junctions,A2contact-
dependentA2signalsA2&A2localA2signals
-A2Long-distanceA2communication:A2endocrineA2signalsA2&A2neuralA2signals

LocalA2signallingA2-A2Ans---A2LocalA2intercellularA2communication
-
A2*Autocrine*A2signals:A2actA2onA2cellA2thatA2secretedA2themA2(producesA2hormoneA2accep
tedA2byA2ownA2receptors)
-A2*Paracrine*A2signals:A2secretedA2byA2oneA2cellA2andA2diffuseA2toA2adjacentA2cells

Long-distanceA2signallingA2-A2Ans--EndocrineA2system:
-A2ChemicalA2signalsA2travellingA2throughA2circulatoryA2system
-A2*Hormones*A2areA2secretedA2byA2endocrineA2glands/
cellsA2introA2bloodstreamA2andA2travelA2toA2targetA2cellsA2withA2receptorsA2toA2induceA2des
iredA2response
NervousA2system:
-A2ElectricA2signalsA2passingA2alongA2neurons

, -
A2 *Neurotransmitters*A2secretedA2byA2neuronsA2diffuseA2acrossA2aA2smallA2gapA2toA2target
A2 cellA2&A2induceA2response
-
OrA2*neurohormones*A2areA2releasedA2byA2neuronesA2intoA2bloodA2toA2reachA2distantA2t
A2
argetA2cell

PrimaryA2endocrineA2organsA2-A2Ans---A2PinealA2gland
-A2Hypothalamus
-A2PituitaryA2gland
-A2ThyroidA2gland
-A2ParathyroidA2glands
-A2Thymus
-A2AdrenalA2gland
-A2Pancreas
-A2Ovaries/testes
-A2Placenta

SecondaryA2endocrineA2organsA2-A2Ans---A2Heart
-A2Stomach
-A2Liver
-A2Kidney
-A2SmallA2intestine
-A2SkinA2(adiposeA2tissue)

EndocrineA2glandsA2-A2Ans--SecreteA2hormonesA2intoA2theA2bloodstream

ExocrineA2glandsA2-A2Ans--SecreteA2hormonesA2intoA2ducts

FeaturesA2ofA2hormonesA2-A2Ans---A2MadeA2inA2differentA2placesA2ofA2theA2body
-A2AreA2chemicalsA2madeA2byA2cellsA2inA2specificA2endocrineA2glandsA2orA2otherA2tissues
-A2TransportedA2inA2bloodA2toA2distantA2targetA2cells
-A2ActA2byA2bindingA2toA2specificA2receptors
-A2MayA2actA2onA2multipleA2tissues
-A2AlterA2activityA2ofA2targetA2cells
-A2ActionA2mustA2beA2terminated
-
A2GoalA2isA2toA2maintainA2homeostasisA2orA2precipitateA2changeA2forA2certainA2physiologic
alA2processes

3A2mainA2typesA2ofA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--1.A2Peptide/proteinA2(3+A2AAs)
2.A2SteroidA2(derivedA2fromA2cholesterol)
3.A2AmineA2(derivedA2fromA2singleA2AAs)

Protein/peptideA2hormonesA2-A2Ans---A2BindA2toA2cellA2membraneA2receptors
-A2MajorityA2ofA2hormones