NURS 460 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Cancers that lead to the highest number of deaths - ANS Lung and bronchus
Breast
Prostate
Colon/rectum
Pancreas
Nurses Role in prevention of cancer and cancer related deaths - ANS Educate on cancer risk
factors (smoking)
Help increase rates on cancer screenings (colonoscopy)
Help pts. comply with their cancer regimens
Support pts. and their families as they cope with the effects of cancer and tx
What to avoid and do to help prevent cancer - ANS -Reduce exposure to known or suspected
carcinogens and cancer-promoting agents (cigarettes, tanning beds, sun exposure)
-Reduce dietary fat and preservatives (smoked or salt-cured meats containing high nitrate
concentrations)
-Limit ETOH intake
-Participate in regular exercise
-Maintain a healthy weight
-6-8 hours of rest per night
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-Eliminate stressors and cope with them effectively
-Have a regular physical exam
-Have the recommended cancer screenings
-Self-examinations
-Know the seven warning signs on cancer
-Seek immediate medical care if a change is noticed
-Wear proper clothing (gown, flows, respirator) when working with chemicals
Common side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy - ANS Allopecia
Bone Marrow Suppression
N/V
Extreme fatigue (blood clots due to sedentary)
Possible extravasation
Diarrhea or constipation
Skin Rashes
Long term damage to kidneys, liver, and lungs
Radiation damage to skin
At risk for infection
Low platelet and WBC (at risk for bleeding)
Tx options to prevent complications from chemo and radiation - ANS Prophylactic antiemetics
Anti-diarrheals, stool softeners, iron supplement
Discuss hair loss
Establish a time to take a daily walk-want to conserve energy
Infection prevention
Include pt. in diet planning
Eat small, frequent meals
Good oral hygiene (examine for sores in mouth)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Proper hand hygiene
Protect skin from the sun
Avoid swimming pools
Soft bristle toothbrush
Diet Modifications for Chemo - ANS Soft, bland, moist foods
High-protein, high-calorie
Small frequent meals
No strong smells
Avoid irritating foods (spicy, acidic, hot/cold)
Low-residue/fiber for diarrhea
High-fiber for constipation
Nutrition supplements
drink 3L of fluid a day
Eat/drink when not nauseated
No veggies from the ground
PET Scan - ANS used to identify abnormal cellular activity
can give an accurate staging of cancer
Pt. is injected w/ radioactive dye
Dye goes to areas with higher levels of activity (cancer cells) and shows as a brighter color on
the scan
Biopsy - ANS Removal of tissue sample for pathologic analysis
•Endoscopic—lung, colon, bladder
•Surgical—tumor hard to reach—laparotomy, thoracotomy, craniotomy
•Fine needle aspiration— cells to examine
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, •Large core biopsy—larger piece of tissue
•Excisional biopsy—removal entire lesion, lymph node, nodule, etc.
Platelet count - ANS What lab value is important to know prior to cancer tx
carcinoma in situ - ANS cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue
abnormal cells, not cancer
TNM staging system - ANS Primary tumor (T): tumor size and invasiveness
-0: no evidence of primary tumor
-is: Carcinoma in situ
-1-4: Ascending degrees of increase in tumor size and involvement
-x: tumor cannot be measured or found
Regional lymph nodes (N): presence or absence of regional spread to lymph nodes
-0: No evidence of disease in lymph nodes
-1-4: Ascending degrees of modal involvement
-x: Regional lymph nodes unable to be assessed clinically
Distant Metastases (M): Metastasis to distant organ sites
-0: No evidence of distant metastases
- 1-4: Ascending degrees of metastatic involvement, including distant nodes
-x: Cannot be determined
Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge form any body orfrice
Thickening of a lump in the breast or elsewhere
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Cancers that lead to the highest number of deaths - ANS Lung and bronchus
Breast
Prostate
Colon/rectum
Pancreas
Nurses Role in prevention of cancer and cancer related deaths - ANS Educate on cancer risk
factors (smoking)
Help increase rates on cancer screenings (colonoscopy)
Help pts. comply with their cancer regimens
Support pts. and their families as they cope with the effects of cancer and tx
What to avoid and do to help prevent cancer - ANS -Reduce exposure to known or suspected
carcinogens and cancer-promoting agents (cigarettes, tanning beds, sun exposure)
-Reduce dietary fat and preservatives (smoked or salt-cured meats containing high nitrate
concentrations)
-Limit ETOH intake
-Participate in regular exercise
-Maintain a healthy weight
-6-8 hours of rest per night
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-Eliminate stressors and cope with them effectively
-Have a regular physical exam
-Have the recommended cancer screenings
-Self-examinations
-Know the seven warning signs on cancer
-Seek immediate medical care if a change is noticed
-Wear proper clothing (gown, flows, respirator) when working with chemicals
Common side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy - ANS Allopecia
Bone Marrow Suppression
N/V
Extreme fatigue (blood clots due to sedentary)
Possible extravasation
Diarrhea or constipation
Skin Rashes
Long term damage to kidneys, liver, and lungs
Radiation damage to skin
At risk for infection
Low platelet and WBC (at risk for bleeding)
Tx options to prevent complications from chemo and radiation - ANS Prophylactic antiemetics
Anti-diarrheals, stool softeners, iron supplement
Discuss hair loss
Establish a time to take a daily walk-want to conserve energy
Infection prevention
Include pt. in diet planning
Eat small, frequent meals
Good oral hygiene (examine for sores in mouth)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Proper hand hygiene
Protect skin from the sun
Avoid swimming pools
Soft bristle toothbrush
Diet Modifications for Chemo - ANS Soft, bland, moist foods
High-protein, high-calorie
Small frequent meals
No strong smells
Avoid irritating foods (spicy, acidic, hot/cold)
Low-residue/fiber for diarrhea
High-fiber for constipation
Nutrition supplements
drink 3L of fluid a day
Eat/drink when not nauseated
No veggies from the ground
PET Scan - ANS used to identify abnormal cellular activity
can give an accurate staging of cancer
Pt. is injected w/ radioactive dye
Dye goes to areas with higher levels of activity (cancer cells) and shows as a brighter color on
the scan
Biopsy - ANS Removal of tissue sample for pathologic analysis
•Endoscopic—lung, colon, bladder
•Surgical—tumor hard to reach—laparotomy, thoracotomy, craniotomy
•Fine needle aspiration— cells to examine
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, •Large core biopsy—larger piece of tissue
•Excisional biopsy—removal entire lesion, lymph node, nodule, etc.
Platelet count - ANS What lab value is important to know prior to cancer tx
carcinoma in situ - ANS cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue
abnormal cells, not cancer
TNM staging system - ANS Primary tumor (T): tumor size and invasiveness
-0: no evidence of primary tumor
-is: Carcinoma in situ
-1-4: Ascending degrees of increase in tumor size and involvement
-x: tumor cannot be measured or found
Regional lymph nodes (N): presence or absence of regional spread to lymph nodes
-0: No evidence of disease in lymph nodes
-1-4: Ascending degrees of modal involvement
-x: Regional lymph nodes unable to be assessed clinically
Distant Metastases (M): Metastasis to distant organ sites
-0: No evidence of distant metastases
- 1-4: Ascending degrees of metastatic involvement, including distant nodes
-x: Cannot be determined
Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge form any body orfrice
Thickening of a lump in the breast or elsewhere
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
