UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADV PATHO EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
Seven specialized cellular functions: - Answers movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption,
secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
Nucleus - Answers aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the egg
yolk)
Ribosomes - Answers RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and secretion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Answers specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein
and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory)
Golgi complex - Answers Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles and
transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and
out of cytoplasm)
Lysosomes - Answers An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove wastes,
digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents; autodigestion occurs in
starvation
Mitochondria - Answers Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell
alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
Cytoskeleton - Answers A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its
shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to move it on out
Characteristics of plasma membrane - Answers made up of lipids and proteins; the basic
component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity of the
membrane
The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane - Answers Phospholipid layer
Prokaryote - Answers unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles (include
cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
Eukaryote - Answers organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/
intracellular anatomy
cellular receptors - Answers protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in
the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands
3 types of cellular receptors - Answers plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked receptors,
, non-channel-linked receptors
passive transport - Answers The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITHOUT
using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules through any semi-permeable barrier
(occurs down a concentration gradient)
Diffusion - Answers Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration.
concentration gradient - Answers A difference in the concentration of a substance across a
distance.
hydrostatic pressure - Answers the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular
membranes
Osmosis - Answers Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a
region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration; directly r/t
hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL
active transport - Answers the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
mediated transport - Answers simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one
direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of two different
solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport)
passive mediated transport - Answers "facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through
membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a concentration gradient
active mediated transport - Answers "active transport;" Requires the expenditure of metabolic
energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration gradient; the major cellular energy
currency
Endocytosis - Answers a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the
cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle
that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the vesicles
Pinocytosis - Answers "Cell drinking;" A type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of fluids
and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles
Phagocytosis - Answers "Cell eating;" a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of large
particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (vacuoles)
Exocytosis - Answers secretion of macromolecules; helps replace portions of the plasma
membrane; also releases molecules synthesized by the cells into the extracellular matrix
3 ways cells communicate - Answers endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic
signaling
LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
Seven specialized cellular functions: - Answers movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption,
secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
Nucleus - Answers aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the egg
yolk)
Ribosomes - Answers RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and secretion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Answers specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein
and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory)
Golgi complex - Answers Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles and
transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and
out of cytoplasm)
Lysosomes - Answers An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove wastes,
digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents; autodigestion occurs in
starvation
Mitochondria - Answers Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell
alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
Cytoskeleton - Answers A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its
shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to move it on out
Characteristics of plasma membrane - Answers made up of lipids and proteins; the basic
component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity of the
membrane
The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane - Answers Phospholipid layer
Prokaryote - Answers unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles (include
cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
Eukaryote - Answers organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/
intracellular anatomy
cellular receptors - Answers protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in
the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands
3 types of cellular receptors - Answers plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked receptors,
, non-channel-linked receptors
passive transport - Answers The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITHOUT
using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules through any semi-permeable barrier
(occurs down a concentration gradient)
Diffusion - Answers Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration.
concentration gradient - Answers A difference in the concentration of a substance across a
distance.
hydrostatic pressure - Answers the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular
membranes
Osmosis - Answers Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a
region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration; directly r/t
hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL
active transport - Answers the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
mediated transport - Answers simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one
direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of two different
solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport)
passive mediated transport - Answers "facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through
membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a concentration gradient
active mediated transport - Answers "active transport;" Requires the expenditure of metabolic
energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration gradient; the major cellular energy
currency
Endocytosis - Answers a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the
cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle
that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the vesicles
Pinocytosis - Answers "Cell drinking;" A type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of fluids
and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles
Phagocytosis - Answers "Cell eating;" a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of large
particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (vacuoles)
Exocytosis - Answers secretion of macromolecules; helps replace portions of the plasma
membrane; also releases molecules synthesized by the cells into the extracellular matrix
3 ways cells communicate - Answers endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic
signaling
