MTH60
Elementary Algebra (Volume 1)
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
LYNN MARECEK, SANTA ANA COLLEGE
MARYANNE ANTHONY-SMITH, FORMERLY OF SANTA ANA COLLEGE
,OpenStax
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax, visit http://openstax.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
©2017 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license, any user of this textbook or the textbook
contents herein must provide proper attribution as follows:
- If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML),
then you must retain on every page the following attribution:
“Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/.”
- If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the
following attribution:
“Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/.”
- If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view
(including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following
attribution:
“Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/.”
- If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, then you should cite it as follows:
OpenStax, Elementary Algebra. OpenStax. 22 February 2017. <http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/>.
For questions regarding this licensing, please contact .
Trademarks
The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo,
Connexions name, and Connexions logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the
prior and express written consent of Rice University.
ISBN-10 0-9986257-1-X
ISBN-13 978-0-9986257-1-3
Revision EA-2017-000(02/17)-LC
,OPENSTAX OPENSTAX CNX
OpenStax is a non-profit organization committed to The technology platform supporting OpenStax is
improving student access to quality learning materials. OpenStax CNX (http://cnx.org), one of the world’s first
Our free textbooks are developed and peer-reviewed by and largest open-education projects. OpenStax CNX
educators to ensure they are readable, accurate, and provides students with free online and low-cost print
meet the scope and sequence requirements of modern editions of the OpenStax library and provides instructors
college courses. Through our partnerships with with tools to customize the content so that they can have
companies and foundations committed to reducing costs the perfect book for their course.
for students, OpenStax is working to improve access to
higher education for all.
RICE UNIVERSITY
OpenStax and OpenStax CNX are initiatives of Rice University. As a leading
research university with a distinctive commitment to undergraduate education,
Rice University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and
contributions to the betterment of our world. It seeks to fulfill this mission by
cultivating a diverse community of learning and discovery that produces leaders
across the spectrum of human endeavor.
FOUNDATION SUPPORT
OpenStax is grateful for the tremendous support of our sponsors. Without their strong engagement, the goal
of free access to high-quality textbooks would remain just a dream.
Laura and John Arnold Foundation (LJAF) actively seeks opportunities to invest in
organizations and thought leaders that have a sincere interest in implementing fundamental
changes that not only yield immediate gains, but also repair broken systems for future
generations. LJAF currently focuses its strategic investments on education, criminal justice,
research integrity, and public accountability.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has been making grants since 1967 to help solve
social and environmental problems at home and around the world. The Foundation
concentrates its resources on activities in education, the environment, global development
and population, performing arts, and philanthropy, and makes grants to support
disadvantaged communities in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on
improving people’s health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them the
chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to
significantly improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their
full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and Co-
chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
The Maxfield Foundation supportsi projects with potential for high impact in science,
education, sustainability, and other areas of social importance.
Our mission at the Twenty Million Minds Foundation is to grow access and success by
eliminating unnecessary hurdles to affordability. We support the creation, sharing, and
proliferation of more effective, more affordable educational content by leveraging disruptive
technologies, open educational resources, and new models for collaboration between for-
profit, nonprofit, and public entities.
,
Elementary Algebra (Volume 1)
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
LYNN MARECEK, SANTA ANA COLLEGE
MARYANNE ANTHONY-SMITH, FORMERLY OF SANTA ANA COLLEGE
,OpenStax
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax, visit http://openstax.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
©2017 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license, any user of this textbook or the textbook
contents herein must provide proper attribution as follows:
- If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML),
then you must retain on every page the following attribution:
“Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/.”
- If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the
following attribution:
“Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/.”
- If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view
(including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following
attribution:
“Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/.”
- If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, then you should cite it as follows:
OpenStax, Elementary Algebra. OpenStax. 22 February 2017. <http://cnx.org/content/col12116/latest/>.
For questions regarding this licensing, please contact .
Trademarks
The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo,
Connexions name, and Connexions logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the
prior and express written consent of Rice University.
ISBN-10 0-9986257-1-X
ISBN-13 978-0-9986257-1-3
Revision EA-2017-000(02/17)-LC
,OPENSTAX OPENSTAX CNX
OpenStax is a non-profit organization committed to The technology platform supporting OpenStax is
improving student access to quality learning materials. OpenStax CNX (http://cnx.org), one of the world’s first
Our free textbooks are developed and peer-reviewed by and largest open-education projects. OpenStax CNX
educators to ensure they are readable, accurate, and provides students with free online and low-cost print
meet the scope and sequence requirements of modern editions of the OpenStax library and provides instructors
college courses. Through our partnerships with with tools to customize the content so that they can have
companies and foundations committed to reducing costs the perfect book for their course.
for students, OpenStax is working to improve access to
higher education for all.
RICE UNIVERSITY
OpenStax and OpenStax CNX are initiatives of Rice University. As a leading
research university with a distinctive commitment to undergraduate education,
Rice University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and
contributions to the betterment of our world. It seeks to fulfill this mission by
cultivating a diverse community of learning and discovery that produces leaders
across the spectrum of human endeavor.
FOUNDATION SUPPORT
OpenStax is grateful for the tremendous support of our sponsors. Without their strong engagement, the goal
of free access to high-quality textbooks would remain just a dream.
Laura and John Arnold Foundation (LJAF) actively seeks opportunities to invest in
organizations and thought leaders that have a sincere interest in implementing fundamental
changes that not only yield immediate gains, but also repair broken systems for future
generations. LJAF currently focuses its strategic investments on education, criminal justice,
research integrity, and public accountability.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has been making grants since 1967 to help solve
social and environmental problems at home and around the world. The Foundation
concentrates its resources on activities in education, the environment, global development
and population, performing arts, and philanthropy, and makes grants to support
disadvantaged communities in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on
improving people’s health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them the
chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to
significantly improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their
full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and Co-
chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
The Maxfield Foundation supportsi projects with potential for high impact in science,
education, sustainability, and other areas of social importance.
Our mission at the Twenty Million Minds Foundation is to grow access and success by
eliminating unnecessary hurdles to affordability. We support the creation, sharing, and
proliferation of more effective, more affordable educational content by leveraging disruptive
technologies, open educational resources, and new models for collaboration between for-
profit, nonprofit, and public entities.
,
