SHS 250 FINAL EXAM WITH ACCURATE DETAILED
|| || || || || || ||
ANSWERS
phoneme - ✔✔the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between morphemes
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
morpheme - ✔✔minimal unit of meaning || || || || ||
vowel reduction - ✔✔occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the dotted line,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
usually moving one step in progression centrally
|| || || || || || ||
ex: /i/ to "i" in bit
|| || || || || ||
diphthongs reduce to monophthongs || || ||
diphthong - ✔✔employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to another
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
allophone - ✔✔variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning
|| || || || || || || || || ||
complementary distribution - ✔✔rules based on the phonetic environment. 2 allophones || || || || || || || || || || ||
will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones occur in mutually
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
exclusive environments. Can be predicted || || || ||
free variation - ✔✔random; allophones can occur in the same environment
|| || || || || || || || || ||
coarticulation - ✔✔when a sound is produced differently because of the influence of sounds || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
in its phonetic context (neighborhood)
|| || || || || ||
ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel)
|| || || || || || || ||
, Assimilation - ✔✔the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on characteristics of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
neighboring sounds, becoming similar || || ||
spreading/shingling - ✔✔as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds, 'coloring' them || || || || || || || || || || ||
ex: input > imput
|| || ||
blending - ✔✔as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in which a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU
|| || || || || || || ||
Anticipatory assimilation - ✔✔most common in English; occurs when a sound is altered in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n)
|| || || || || || || || ||
retentive (regressive assimilation) - ✔✔a sound retains characteristics of a sound that has
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel) || || || || ||
broad transcription - ✔✔general detail; usually one symbol
|| || || || || || ||
narrow transcription - ✔✔fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of target and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
variations in production (diacritics) || || ||
phonetic transcription - ✔✔the identification of allophones
|| || || || || ||
phonemic transcription - ✔✔the identification of phonemes
|| || || || || ||
IPA - ✔✔Internation Phonetic Alphabet; provides cross-linguistic consistency
|| || || || || || ||
minimal contrast/minimal pairs - ✔✔two morphemes differing in only one sound segment
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
(phoneme) ex: pin vs bin || || || ||
|| || || || || || ||
ANSWERS
phoneme - ✔✔the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between morphemes
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
morpheme - ✔✔minimal unit of meaning || || || || ||
vowel reduction - ✔✔occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the dotted line,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
usually moving one step in progression centrally
|| || || || || || ||
ex: /i/ to "i" in bit
|| || || || || ||
diphthongs reduce to monophthongs || || ||
diphthong - ✔✔employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to another
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
allophone - ✔✔variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning
|| || || || || || || || || ||
complementary distribution - ✔✔rules based on the phonetic environment. 2 allophones || || || || || || || || || || ||
will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones occur in mutually
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
exclusive environments. Can be predicted || || || ||
free variation - ✔✔random; allophones can occur in the same environment
|| || || || || || || || || ||
coarticulation - ✔✔when a sound is produced differently because of the influence of sounds || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
in its phonetic context (neighborhood)
|| || || || || ||
ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel)
|| || || || || || || ||
, Assimilation - ✔✔the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on characteristics of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
neighboring sounds, becoming similar || || ||
spreading/shingling - ✔✔as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds, 'coloring' them || || || || || || || || || || ||
ex: input > imput
|| || ||
blending - ✔✔as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in which a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU
|| || || || || || || ||
Anticipatory assimilation - ✔✔most common in English; occurs when a sound is altered in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n)
|| || || || || || || || ||
retentive (regressive assimilation) - ✔✔a sound retains characteristics of a sound that has
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel) || || || || ||
broad transcription - ✔✔general detail; usually one symbol
|| || || || || || ||
narrow transcription - ✔✔fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of target and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
variations in production (diacritics) || || ||
phonetic transcription - ✔✔the identification of allophones
|| || || || || ||
phonemic transcription - ✔✔the identification of phonemes
|| || || || || ||
IPA - ✔✔Internation Phonetic Alphabet; provides cross-linguistic consistency
|| || || || || || ||
minimal contrast/minimal pairs - ✔✔two morphemes differing in only one sound segment
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
(phoneme) ex: pin vs bin || || || ||
