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Samenvatting Spijsvertering - Prof. Dr. Wim Laleman

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Dit document is een samenvatting van alles wat je moet kennen voor het deel van Prof. Dr. Wim Laleman van het examen Spijsvertering. Dit document is gebaseerd op de slides en mijn notities met oog voor details, volledigheid en structuur. Belangrijke elementen die bevraagd worden op het examen zijn aangeduid. Het document is aangevuld met afbeeldingen ter illustratie. Veel succes!

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SPIJSVERTERING: PROF. DR. LALEMAN
INHOUDSOPGAVE

1. Leverziekten............................................................................................................................3
1.1 De lever: anatomie en werking..................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Structuur van de lever: macroscopie, microscopie en vasculair (FACULTATIEF) .................3
1.1.2 Functies van de lever & gal...............................................................................................4
1.1.3 Schade inschatten !!!!!! ...................................................................................................5
1.2 Acute hepatitis ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.1 Definitie ....................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.2 Algemene klinische aspecten ........................................................................................ 12
1.2.3 Algemene biochemische kenmerken en relatie tot klinische entiteiten ............................. 13
1.2.4 Oorzaken van acute hepatitis......................................................................................... 13
1.2.5 Specifieke vormen van acute hepatitis ........................................................................... 14
1.3 Chronische hepatitis ............................................................................................................. 34
1.3.1 Definitie ....................................................................................................................... 34
1.3.2 Hoe ‘schade’ evalueren? ............................................................................................... 34
1.3.3 Algemene klinische aspecten ........................................................................................ 35
1.3.4 Oorzaken van chronische hepatitis ................................................................................ 35
1.3.5 Specifieke vormen van chronische hepatitis ................................................................... 36
1.4 Cirrose & complicaties .......................................................................................................... 70
1.4.1 Definitie en cirrogenese ................................................................................................. 70
1.4.2 Oorzaken ...................................................................................................................... 71
1.4.3 Natuurlijk verloop en prognose ...................................................................................... 72
1.4.4 Cirrose ‘(h)erkennen’..................................................................................................... 74
1.4.5 Algemene doelstellingen van behandeling bij diagnose CACLD of cirrose ......................... 77
1.4.6 Complicaties gerelateerd aan portale hypertensie .......................................................... 78
1.4.7 Complicaties gerelateerd aan leverinsufficiëntie ............................................................ 97
1.4.8 Acuut-op-chronisch leverfalen (ACLF) .......................................................................... 102
1.5 Zwangerschap en leverziekte ............................................................................................... 103
1.5.1 leverproblemen in zwangerschap................................................................................. 103
1.5.2 Hyperemesis gravidarum ............................................................................................. 104
1.5.3 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregancy (ICP) .................................................................... 105
1.5.4 Zwangerschapshypertensiegerelateerde leverziekte ..................................................... 106
1.5.5 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP)............................................................................. 107
1.5.6 overzicht .................................................................................................................... 108


1

, 1.6 Vasculaire aandoeningen van de lever .................................................................................. 109
1.6.1 inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 109
1.6.2 Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) .................................................................................. 110
1.6.3 Hepatische arterio-portale fistel .................................................................................. 110
1.6.4 Hypoxische hepatitis ................................................................................................... 110
1.6.5 Congestieve hepatitis .................................................................................................. 110
1.6.6 Budd-Chiari-syndroom (BCS)....................................................................................... 111
1.6.7 Extra-hepatische portale vene-obstructie (EHPVO): vena porta-trombose en portaal
cavernoma in afwezigheid van cirrose ........................................................................................ 114
1.6.8 Portale vene-trombose (PVT) tegen achtergrond van cirrose .......................................... 117
1.6.9 Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) ....................................................................... 117
1.6.10 Ziekte van Rendu-Osler-Weber (HHT, hereditaire hemorragische teleangiëctasieën) ...... 118
1.6.11 Porto-sinusoidal vascular liver disorder (PSVD)............................................................. 120
1.6.12 Congenitale porto-systemische shunts (CPSS, Abernethy-malformatie) ........................ 120
1.7 Fibrocystische leveraandoeningen (facultatief) ..................................................................... 120
1.8 Benigne focale leverletsels (Facultatief) ............................................................................... 120
1.9 Levertransplantatie (facultatief) ........................................................................................... 120
1.10 icterus (POKC) ................................................................................................................ 121
1.10.1 bilirubine shit (facultatief) ............................................................................................ 121
1.10.2 icterus ........................................................................................................................ 121
1.10.3 vormen ....................................................................................................................... 122
1.10.4 aanpak ....................................................................................................................... 124
1.10.5 caussstiek .................................................................................................................. 125
2. pancreas ziekten ................................................................................................................. 127
2.1 Anatomie pancreas ............................................................................................................. 127
2.2 Fysiologie pancreas ............................................................................................................. 127
2.3 evaluatie functie en schade ................................................................................................. 128
2.4 benigne aandoeningen ........................................................................................................ 130
2.4.1 congenitale pancreas aandoeningen ............................................................................ 130
2.4.2 acute pancreatitis ....................................................................................................... 131
2.4.3 Chronische pancreatitis .............................................................................................. 141
2.4.4 Auto-immune hepatitis ................................................................................................ 144
examen info..................................................................................................................................... 146




2

,1. LEVERZIEKTEN

1.1 DE LEVER: ANATOMIE EN WERKING


1.1.1 STRUCTUUR VAN DE LEVER: MACROSCOPIE, MICROSCOPIE EN VASCULAIR
(FACULTATIEF)
Semeiologie
Lokalisatie Leverdofheid




Anatomie




Opbouw
Dubbele bevloeiing v lever
 A. hepatica dexter/sinister
 V. porta
→ leverperfusie = 1/5e hartdebiet
! bij shock: hypoperfusie lever → leverschade


8 segmenten (Coineaud classificatie)
→ elk eigen vasculaire inflow/outflow en bilaire drainage via tak v. porta, a. hepatica, galweg
=> belangrijk voor chirurgische resectie en radiologische topografie


Biliaire anatomie
Galblaas → d. cysticus → common bile duct → papil v vater → duodenum




3

, Lever = krachtpatser & dirigent v/h lichaam
Strategische locatie
 Gatekeeper/poortwacht tss darm- en systeem circulatie: liver-gut-axis
→ belangrijk voor functies
 Immunologisch: belang in tolerantie
→ triage functie: goed mag passeren, slecht w kapot gemaakt, twijfel even parkeren


Structurele opbouw
 Leverlobulus v Kiernan
o Aanvoer bv: hoek
o Afvoer bv: midden
→ uitwisseling tss aan en afvoer in het endotheel
 Gefenestreerd endotheel – ruimte van Disse – hepatocyten
→ stofuitwisseling, detoxificatie, opslag
=> geen basaal membraan thv endotheel: bloed vrij communiceren met hepatocyten
! enorm diffusieoppervlak



1.1.2 FUNCTIES VAN DE LEVER & GAL
→ goed om te weten om de pathologie beter te begrijpen



FUNCTIES LEVER
Synthese
 Eiwitten
o Lokaal bindende rol (gluthation-S-transferase, ferritine)
o Lokaal enzymatisch (cytochroom P450)
o Exportproteinen
 Albumine: transport-eiwit, oncotisch en hemodynamisch actief,
immunomodulatorisch
 Stollingseiwitten (alle behalve factor VIII)
 Glyco- en lipoproteine
 Koolhydraten
o Glycogeen
o Gluconeogenese
 Cholesterol en TG synthese
o Galzuren
o Hormonen (estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone)


Afbraak
 Xenobiotica en toxine metabolisme


4

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