and Cellular Changes in
Oncology Nursing
Case Studies, Pathophysiology
& Clinical Application
Latest Updated 2025–2026
What is carcinogenesis? - Answer✅The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer
cells through a series of stages including initiation, promotion, and progression.
What is a carcinogen? - Answer✅A substance or agent that is capable of causing cancer in living
tissue.
What is hypertrophy? - Answer✅An increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of
the tissue or organ.
What is hyperplasia? - Answer✅An increase in the number of cells in a tissue, which can lead to an
increase in the size of that tissue or organ.
What is metaplasia? - Answer✅The reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another
mature cell type, often in response to chronic irritation.
What is dysplasia? - Answer✅The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue, which may indicate a
precancerous condition.