Explain and apply the Law of independent assortment of alleles governing characters
that are unlinked (i.e. lie on different non-homologous chromosomes) and the
experiments of Mendel that allow us to reach this conclusion
Give this one a try later!
MENDELS LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT- the different genes will
randomnly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells
-hetrozygous RrYy parent can produce 4 different gametes - RY, Ry, rY, ry -
in equal proportions
-F1 self fertilization experiment, any two gametes can combine randomnly
during fertilization. 4^2 or 16 possible combinations. Resulting in a 9:3:3:1
--when an offspring recieves a combination of alleles that differ from those
in the parental generation this i known as GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Be able to explain the nature of defect associated with chromosomes for Down
syndrome. Be able to explain how having more number of chromosomes may lead to
,a disease state. (compare with a normal diploid state).
Give this one a try later!
-Down Syndrome, presence of an extra chromosome
-Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that is associated with
intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle
tone (hypotonia) in infancy. This condition is most often caused by trisomy
21. Trisomy 21 means that each cell in the body has three copies of
chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.
-Down syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 21 becomes attached
(translocated) to another chromosome during the formation of
reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or very early in fetal development.
Affected people have two copies of chromosome 21 plus extra material
from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome, resulting in three
copies of genetic material from chromosome 21. Affected individuals with
this genetic change are said to have translocation Down syndrome.
Given a pedigree chart with some individuals showing a disease manifestation predict
the likelihood (probability) of an individual in a specific generation having the disease
phenotype
Give this one a try later!
-if caused by a recessive allele, an individual must inherit two copies of the
mutant allele to express the disease
--two heterozygous will have 1/4 recessive or affected
--all offspring are affected if parents are both affected
-If dominantly caused, predicts that affected person will inherit the gene
from at least one parent
Be able to assign allelic symbols for crosses with novel traits to be able to analyze
related crosses.
, Since the phenotypes of alleles for the different characters we will deal with in this
chapter have a clear dominant/recessive relationship, it may be ideal to label the
recessive allele with lower case and the dominant allele with either an upper case or
if dominant allele is the wild-type allele one could label it with a lowercase followed
by a + sign as in Drosophila genetics.
If a pair of alleles are being discussed such as a wild type allele whose phenotype is
recessive to the phenotype of another dominant allele (e.g. a dominant disease
causing allele), the dominant allele may be written in uppercase.Take home message:
when a pair of alleles with a clear dominant/recessive relationship are being
discussed, NEVER label the recessive allele in uppercase.
This simple strategy will allow you to accurately predict phenotypes from diploid
genotypes.
Give this one a try later!
Be able to describe the basic structure of DNA and how it encodes the information
for making proteins
Give this one a try later!
-Double Helix
-has a LINEAR sequence of Nucleotides
-Every Nucleotide has a Nitrogenous base of A,T,C,G.
-Order of Base Pairs provides a different set of information
-Genes contain info. in relation to Genetic Code
3bases->1Amino Acid->1 or more Polypeptides->Protein
that are unlinked (i.e. lie on different non-homologous chromosomes) and the
experiments of Mendel that allow us to reach this conclusion
Give this one a try later!
MENDELS LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT- the different genes will
randomnly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells
-hetrozygous RrYy parent can produce 4 different gametes - RY, Ry, rY, ry -
in equal proportions
-F1 self fertilization experiment, any two gametes can combine randomnly
during fertilization. 4^2 or 16 possible combinations. Resulting in a 9:3:3:1
--when an offspring recieves a combination of alleles that differ from those
in the parental generation this i known as GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Be able to explain the nature of defect associated with chromosomes for Down
syndrome. Be able to explain how having more number of chromosomes may lead to
,a disease state. (compare with a normal diploid state).
Give this one a try later!
-Down Syndrome, presence of an extra chromosome
-Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that is associated with
intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle
tone (hypotonia) in infancy. This condition is most often caused by trisomy
21. Trisomy 21 means that each cell in the body has three copies of
chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.
-Down syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 21 becomes attached
(translocated) to another chromosome during the formation of
reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or very early in fetal development.
Affected people have two copies of chromosome 21 plus extra material
from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome, resulting in three
copies of genetic material from chromosome 21. Affected individuals with
this genetic change are said to have translocation Down syndrome.
Given a pedigree chart with some individuals showing a disease manifestation predict
the likelihood (probability) of an individual in a specific generation having the disease
phenotype
Give this one a try later!
-if caused by a recessive allele, an individual must inherit two copies of the
mutant allele to express the disease
--two heterozygous will have 1/4 recessive or affected
--all offspring are affected if parents are both affected
-If dominantly caused, predicts that affected person will inherit the gene
from at least one parent
Be able to assign allelic symbols for crosses with novel traits to be able to analyze
related crosses.
, Since the phenotypes of alleles for the different characters we will deal with in this
chapter have a clear dominant/recessive relationship, it may be ideal to label the
recessive allele with lower case and the dominant allele with either an upper case or
if dominant allele is the wild-type allele one could label it with a lowercase followed
by a + sign as in Drosophila genetics.
If a pair of alleles are being discussed such as a wild type allele whose phenotype is
recessive to the phenotype of another dominant allele (e.g. a dominant disease
causing allele), the dominant allele may be written in uppercase.Take home message:
when a pair of alleles with a clear dominant/recessive relationship are being
discussed, NEVER label the recessive allele in uppercase.
This simple strategy will allow you to accurately predict phenotypes from diploid
genotypes.
Give this one a try later!
Be able to describe the basic structure of DNA and how it encodes the information
for making proteins
Give this one a try later!
-Double Helix
-has a LINEAR sequence of Nucleotides
-Every Nucleotide has a Nitrogenous base of A,T,C,G.
-Order of Base Pairs provides a different set of information
-Genes contain info. in relation to Genetic Code
3bases->1Amino Acid->1 or more Polypeptides->Protein
