BIOL 546 EXAM III questions well
answered graded A+ 2025/2026
Digestive System: Part 1.
Stages of Food Processing:
1._____: Eating: food in mouth or oral cavity.
●
2. ______: Macromolecules (fats, proteins, polysaccharides, etc.) are too large to be absorbed.
Break down into small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars, etc.) for absorption.
Breakdown involves two processes:
_______: Chewing and churning.
________: Enzymatic breakdown of food.
3. _________: Cells lining the digestive cavity take up building blocks (simple sugars, amino
acids, etc.): enter
bloodstream- transport throughout body.
4. __________: Undigested food materials moved from body. - correct answer ✔✔ingestion
digestion
,mechanical
chemical
absorption
elimination
Gastrointestinal tract (GI): Organization
•Composed of GI tract: "tube" running from ______ to _______.
•
•Accessory organs are emptying secretions
into GI tract. - correct answer ✔✔esophagus, rectum
Overview:
Production gastrointestinal secretions,
amounts and conditions. - correct answer ✔✔
Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract - correct answer ✔✔
Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract Part II
ENS: Enteric Nervous System:
What is it part of and what does it directly control? - correct answer ✔✔Part of autonomic
nervous system that DIRECTLY controls
,GI system.
Nervous system leading enteric nervous system slide - correct answer ✔✔
SMOOTH MUSCLE OF GI.
Two types of contractions:
•_____ contractions:
- Periodic contractions followed by relaxation: locations?
•______ contractions:
- Maintained contraction without relaxation: locations? - correct answer ✔✔Phasic
in lower part of stomach, small intestine and esophagus.
Tonic
in upper region of stomach, lower esophageal, ileo-cecal and internal anal sphincter.
MAJOR PATTERS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT MOTOR ACTIVITY
What are the three patterns, where are they used, and what are each used for? - correct answer
✔✔
SPHINCTERS IN GI TRACT
Sphincters are composed of? that relax in response to?
, Promote _______ traffic.
___________ controls flow from common bile duct: not _______ materials! - correct answer
✔✔tonically contracted circular muscles: relaxes in response to nerve and hormonal
stimulation.
one-way
Sphincter of Oddi, digestive
Gastrointestinal System
What are the four main functions? (mnemonic?) - correct answer ✔✔MSDA
1. Mechanical processing: chewing, grinding, mixing, swallowing.
2. Secretion: chemicals to breakdown food molecules.
3. Digestion: chemical breakdown of food macromolecules into smaller ones to ease next
function.
4. Absorption: moving food from digestive tract into circulatory system: MAIN GOAL OF SYSTEM.
ORAL CAVITY
answered graded A+ 2025/2026
Digestive System: Part 1.
Stages of Food Processing:
1._____: Eating: food in mouth or oral cavity.
●
2. ______: Macromolecules (fats, proteins, polysaccharides, etc.) are too large to be absorbed.
Break down into small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars, etc.) for absorption.
Breakdown involves two processes:
_______: Chewing and churning.
________: Enzymatic breakdown of food.
3. _________: Cells lining the digestive cavity take up building blocks (simple sugars, amino
acids, etc.): enter
bloodstream- transport throughout body.
4. __________: Undigested food materials moved from body. - correct answer ✔✔ingestion
digestion
,mechanical
chemical
absorption
elimination
Gastrointestinal tract (GI): Organization
•Composed of GI tract: "tube" running from ______ to _______.
•
•Accessory organs are emptying secretions
into GI tract. - correct answer ✔✔esophagus, rectum
Overview:
Production gastrointestinal secretions,
amounts and conditions. - correct answer ✔✔
Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract - correct answer ✔✔
Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract Part II
ENS: Enteric Nervous System:
What is it part of and what does it directly control? - correct answer ✔✔Part of autonomic
nervous system that DIRECTLY controls
,GI system.
Nervous system leading enteric nervous system slide - correct answer ✔✔
SMOOTH MUSCLE OF GI.
Two types of contractions:
•_____ contractions:
- Periodic contractions followed by relaxation: locations?
•______ contractions:
- Maintained contraction without relaxation: locations? - correct answer ✔✔Phasic
in lower part of stomach, small intestine and esophagus.
Tonic
in upper region of stomach, lower esophageal, ileo-cecal and internal anal sphincter.
MAJOR PATTERS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT MOTOR ACTIVITY
What are the three patterns, where are they used, and what are each used for? - correct answer
✔✔
SPHINCTERS IN GI TRACT
Sphincters are composed of? that relax in response to?
, Promote _______ traffic.
___________ controls flow from common bile duct: not _______ materials! - correct answer
✔✔tonically contracted circular muscles: relaxes in response to nerve and hormonal
stimulation.
one-way
Sphincter of Oddi, digestive
Gastrointestinal System
What are the four main functions? (mnemonic?) - correct answer ✔✔MSDA
1. Mechanical processing: chewing, grinding, mixing, swallowing.
2. Secretion: chemicals to breakdown food molecules.
3. Digestion: chemical breakdown of food macromolecules into smaller ones to ease next
function.
4. Absorption: moving food from digestive tract into circulatory system: MAIN GOAL OF SYSTEM.
ORAL CAVITY
