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Samenvatting Gezondheidspsychologie

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GEZONDHEIDSPSYCHOLOGIE

Gezondheidspsychologie ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Hoofdstuk 1: wat is gezondheid? ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.1Wat is gezondheidspsychologie ................................................................................................................. 8
Doel gezondheidspsychologie ..................................................................................................................... 8
Gezondheidspsychologie en andere terreinen ........................................................................................... 9
Medische psychologie ................................................................................................................................. 9
Psychosomatische geneeskunde (huidige) ................................................................................................. 9
Gedragsgeneeskunde ................................................................................................................................ 10
Medische sociologie .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1.1 Verband tussen psychologie & gezondheid ................................................................................. 10
1.2Veranderende perspectieven ................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 Modellen van gezondheid ............................................................................................................ 10
1.2.2 Gedrag en gezondheid ................................................................................................................. 11
1.3Perspectieven op gezondheid .................................................................................................................. 12
1.3.1 Lekentheorieën ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.3.2 Crossculturele perspectieven ....................................................................................................... 14
1.3.3 Levensduur, ouder worden en aannamen over gezondheid ....................................................... 15
Hoofdstuk 2: Verschillen in ziekte & gezondheid .............................................................................................. 15
2.1 Leefwijze ................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Gezondheidsverschillen .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Armoede.................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.4 Minderheidsstatus .................................................................................................................................. 19
2.5 Geslacht ................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Werk(loosheid) ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Hoofdstuk 3: Ongezond gedrag......................................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Ongezonde voeding ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.2 Overgewicht ............................................................................................................................................ 24
3.3 Alcoholgebruik ........................................................................................................................................ 25
3.4 Roken ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
3.4.1 Effectiviteit rookstop ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.4.2 Componenten .................................................................................................................................. 30
3.4.3 Vloeistof (“E-juice”) – damp ............................................................................................................. 31
3.4.4 Veiligheid Ecigs ................................................................................................................................. 31
3.4.4.1 Chemisch ................................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.4.2 Toxicologisch ............................................................................................................................. 32

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, 3.4.4.3 Klinisch ...................................................................................................................................... 33
3.4.5 Samenvatting veiligheid ................................................................................................................... 33
3.4.6 Waarom? .......................................................................................................................................... 34
3.4.7 Resultaten ........................................................................................................................................ 35
3.4.7.1 #SIG ........................................................................................................................................... 35
3.4.7.2 CO .............................................................................................................................................. 35
3.4.7.3 Nadelen ..................................................................................................................................... 36
3.4.7.4 Voordelen .................................................................................................................................. 36
3.4.8 THR ................................................................................................................................................... 36
3.5 Onbeschermd seksueel gedrag ............................................................................................................... 37
3.6 AANBEVELING BE 2016 ........................................................................................................................... 38
Hoofdstuk 4: gezond gedrag ............................................................................................................................. 38
4.1 Gezonde voeding..................................................................................................................................... 38
4.2 Sporten .................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.3 Medische controles ................................................................................................................................. 41
4.4 Vaccinatie ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Hoofdstuk 5: modellen voor het voorspellen van gedrag ................................................................................. 43
5.1 Gezondheidsgedrag voorspellen ............................................................................................................. 43
5.2 Invloeden op gezondheidsgedrag ........................................................................................................... 43
5.2.1 Persoonlijkheidskenmerken ............................................................................................................. 43
5.2.2 Sociale normen, familie en vrienden ................................................................................................ 44
5.2.3 Attitudes ........................................................................................................................................... 44
5.2.4 Risicoperceptie en onrealistisch optimisme ..................................................................................... 45
5.2.5 Self efficacy (zelfredzaamheid) ........................................................................................................ 45
5.2.6 Inconsequentie ................................................................................................................................. 45
5.3 Modellen voor gezondheidsgedrag ......................................................................................................... 45
5.3.1 Oude modellen ................................................................................................................................. 46
5.3.2 Sociale en cognitieve modellen: health belief model (HBM) ........................................................... 46
5.3.3 Gefaseerde modellen: stages of change model (SOCM) .................................................................. 47
Hoofdstuk 6: individuele aanpak; risico op ziekte verkleinen (interventies) .................................................... 49
6.1 individuele aanpak .................................................................................................................................. 49
6.1.1 Screeningsprogramma’s ................................................................................................................... 49
6.1.1.1 Erfelijkheidsonderzoek .............................................................................................................. 50
6.1.1.2 Vroegtijdige detectie ................................................................................................................. 51
6.1.1.3 Verandering risicogedrag .......................................................................................................... 53
6.1.2 Gefaseerde veranderingsmodellen .................................................................................................. 53
6.1.2.1 Probleemoplossing ........................................................................................................................ 55

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, 6.1.2.2 Plannen ......................................................................................................................................... 55
6.1.3 Verandering modelleren .................................................................................................................. 56
6.1.4 Gedrag in de praktijk ........................................................................................................................ 56
6.1.5 Cognitieve strategieën ..................................................................................................................... 56
Hoofdstuk 7: populatiebenadering van volksgezondheid (interventies) .......................................................... 57
7.1 Populatiebenadering ............................................................................................................................... 57
7.1.1 Bevorderen volksgezondheid ........................................................................................................... 57
7.1.2 Massamedia ..................................................................................................................................... 57
7.1.3 Elaboration likelihood (ELM) ............................................................................................................ 58
7.1.4 Angst en agressieve boodschap ....................................................................................................... 58
7.1.5 Framing ............................................................................................................................................ 59
7.1.6 Afstemmen publiek + exposure (= vaak getonen wordt) ................................................................. 59
7.1.7 Gebruik rolmodellen ........................................................................................................................ 59
7.1.8 Entertainment education ................................................................................................................. 60
7.1.9 Omgevingsinvloeden ........................................................................................................................ 60
7.1.10 programma’s gezondheidsbevordering ......................................................................................... 61
7.1.11 Internet .......................................................................................................................................... 64
Hoofdstuk 10: stress.......................................................................................................................................... 64
10.1 Stress, gezondheid en ziekte ................................................................................................................. 64
10.2 Concepten van stresss ........................................................................................................................... 64
10.2.1 Stress als stimulus .......................................................................................................................... 64
10.2.2 Stress als interactie ........................................................................................................................ 66
10.2.2.1 primaire beoordelingsprocessen ............................................................................................. 66
10.2.2.2 Secundaire beoordelingsprocessen ........................................................................................ 66
10.2.2.3 Aanvullingen op model ........................................................................................................... 67
10.2.2.4 Kritiek op model ...................................................................................................................... 68
10.2.2.5 Algemeen ................................................................................................................................ 68
10.3 Typen stress .......................................................................................................................................... 68
10.3.1 Verlies van reserves ....................................................................................................................... 68
10.3.2 acute stress .................................................................................................................................... 69
10.3.3 chronische stress ............................................................................................................................ 70
10.4 Stress als fysiologische reactie .............................................................................................................. 70
10.5 Verband stress en ziekte ....................................................................................................................... 75
10.5.1 Directe route .................................................................................................................................. 75
10.5.2 Indirecte routes .............................................................................................................................. 75
10.5.3 Verkoudheid ................................................................................................................................... 76
10.5.4 Hart- & vaatziekten ........................................................................................................................ 76

3

, 10.5.5 Kanker ............................................................................................................................................ 76
10.5.6 Darmaandoeningen ........................................................................................................................ 76
10.5.7 HIV/AIDS ......................................................................................................................................... 76
10.5.8 Gezondheid van de mantelzorger .................................................................................................. 77
Hoofdstuk 15: pijn ............................................................................................................................................. 77
15.1 Pijnbeleving ........................................................................................................................................... 77
15.1.1 Typen pijn ....................................................................................................................................... 78
15.1.2 Prevalentie ..................................................................................................................................... 78
15.1.3 Leven met pijn ................................................................................................................................ 79
15.2 Biologische modellen ............................................................................................................................ 79
15.3 Psychologische invloeden op pijn ......................................................................................................... 80
15.4 Psychologische invloed ......................................................................................................................... 81
15.4.1 Stemming en pijn ........................................................................................................................... 81
15.4.2 Aandacht en pijn ............................................................................................................................ 81
15.4.3 Cognitie en pijn .............................................................................................................................. 82
15.5 Psychobiologische theorie .................................................................................................................... 83
15.5.1 gate control .................................................................................................................................... 83
15.6 Toekomstige inzichten in pijn: de neuromatrix ..................................................................................... 86
15.7 Mensen leren omgaan met pijn ............................................................................................................ 86
15.7.1 Meten van pijn ............................................................................................................................... 86
15.7.2 Acute pijn ....................................................................................................................................... 89
15.7.2.1 Controle ................................................................................................................................... 89
15.7.2.2 Afleiding .................................................................................................................................. 89
15.7.2.3 Ontspanning ............................................................................................................................ 89
15.7.2.4 Hypnose................................................................................................................................... 90
15.7.3 Chronische pijn ............................................................................................................................... 90
15.7.3.1 Behavioristische interventie .................................................................................................... 90
15.7.3.2 Cognitief-behavioristische interventie .................................................................................... 91
15.7.3.3 Ontspanning en biofeedback .................................................................................................. 92
Pijnklinieken .............................................................................................................................................. 94
Hoofdstuk 9: CVS: chronisch vermoeidheidssyndroom .................................................................................... 96
9.1 Een recent fenomeen? ............................................................................................................................ 96
9.2 Omschrijving............................................................................................................................................ 96
9.3 Epidemiologie .......................................................................................................................................... 98
9.4 Etiologie................................................................................................................................................... 98
9.5 Kwetsbaarheidsfactoren ......................................................................................................................... 98
9.6 Uitlokkende factoren....................................................................................................................... 99

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