PSYCH 160 EXAM 1&2 STUDY GUIDE
cognitive theory of development - Answer -how one thinks and interprets things
behavioral theory of development - Answer -consequences, how things go together;
how the environment influences behavior
ex: if you win, you get praised
social cognitive theory of development - Answer -how personal experiences affect
interpretations/feelings/behaviors
humanistic theory of development - Answer -fulfilling your needs and potential
psychoanalytic theory of development - Answer -unconscious desires/feelings influence
behavior
biopsychological theory of development - Answer -how biology affects behavior, ex:
how do hormones affect behavior?
microsystem - Answer -people you directly interact with (friends, family, teachers)
mesosystem - Answer -interaction of microsystems (parents interacting with your
boyfriend)
exosystem - Answer -system of institutions that affect us even though we are not
directly involved (schools, churches, your parent's work)
macrosystems - Answer -attitudes, political beliefs and ideologies of a culture
chronosystems - Answer -change over time
life span human development - Answer --psychological development from conception
to death
-mind & behavior
-how people grow physically, cognitively, emotionally and socially
-continuity and change
theory - Answer -an organized set of ideas that tries to explain a phenomena
characteristics of development - Answer --development is plastic; it is flexible
-development is diverse
-race and ethnicity are sources of developmental diversity
race - Answer --grouping people on the basis of a difference in appearance
-races are not genetically distinct
, ethnicity - Answer -social groups that share a common identity, based on ancestral
descent/heritage involving common traditions, customs, language, religion
social construct - Answer --shared ideas between people
-race & ethnicity are social constructs
what are the domains of development? - Answer --biopsychological: how our biology
and physical development influence our psychological development
-cognitive development: how our thinking develops, how we make sense of the world
-socioemotional: how emotions and relationships develop and how they affect our
development
why is it difficult to identify specific ages for each stage of development? - Answer -
because these period are distinguished by patterns of growth not necessarily age. this
is particularly true in adulthood
cross-sectional/cohort studies - Answer -compares different groups of people of
different ages
longitudinal research studies - Answer -tracks changes in a group of people overtime
cross-sequential research studies - Answer -compares different groups of people of
different ages and tracks each group overtime
steps of the scientific method - Answer -1. identify a question
2. forming a hypothesis
3. test hypothesis
4. replicate
5. results of research need to be shared with others
surveys - Answer -gathering information from a large group of people
what kinds of observations are there? - Answer -naturalistic & lab based
what are the 3 stages of prenatal development? - Answer -1. germinal: 1st 14 days of
development
2. embryonic: 14-56 days
3. fetal: 9th week of conception-birth
teratogens - Answer -factors between conception and birth that can adversely affect
prenatal development
ex: stress, alcohol, tobacco
chromosomes vs. genes - Answer -chromosomes: contain DNA
genes: segments of the chromosome that carry instructions for growth and development
cognitive theory of development - Answer -how one thinks and interprets things
behavioral theory of development - Answer -consequences, how things go together;
how the environment influences behavior
ex: if you win, you get praised
social cognitive theory of development - Answer -how personal experiences affect
interpretations/feelings/behaviors
humanistic theory of development - Answer -fulfilling your needs and potential
psychoanalytic theory of development - Answer -unconscious desires/feelings influence
behavior
biopsychological theory of development - Answer -how biology affects behavior, ex:
how do hormones affect behavior?
microsystem - Answer -people you directly interact with (friends, family, teachers)
mesosystem - Answer -interaction of microsystems (parents interacting with your
boyfriend)
exosystem - Answer -system of institutions that affect us even though we are not
directly involved (schools, churches, your parent's work)
macrosystems - Answer -attitudes, political beliefs and ideologies of a culture
chronosystems - Answer -change over time
life span human development - Answer --psychological development from conception
to death
-mind & behavior
-how people grow physically, cognitively, emotionally and socially
-continuity and change
theory - Answer -an organized set of ideas that tries to explain a phenomena
characteristics of development - Answer --development is plastic; it is flexible
-development is diverse
-race and ethnicity are sources of developmental diversity
race - Answer --grouping people on the basis of a difference in appearance
-races are not genetically distinct
, ethnicity - Answer -social groups that share a common identity, based on ancestral
descent/heritage involving common traditions, customs, language, religion
social construct - Answer --shared ideas between people
-race & ethnicity are social constructs
what are the domains of development? - Answer --biopsychological: how our biology
and physical development influence our psychological development
-cognitive development: how our thinking develops, how we make sense of the world
-socioemotional: how emotions and relationships develop and how they affect our
development
why is it difficult to identify specific ages for each stage of development? - Answer -
because these period are distinguished by patterns of growth not necessarily age. this
is particularly true in adulthood
cross-sectional/cohort studies - Answer -compares different groups of people of
different ages
longitudinal research studies - Answer -tracks changes in a group of people overtime
cross-sequential research studies - Answer -compares different groups of people of
different ages and tracks each group overtime
steps of the scientific method - Answer -1. identify a question
2. forming a hypothesis
3. test hypothesis
4. replicate
5. results of research need to be shared with others
surveys - Answer -gathering information from a large group of people
what kinds of observations are there? - Answer -naturalistic & lab based
what are the 3 stages of prenatal development? - Answer -1. germinal: 1st 14 days of
development
2. embryonic: 14-56 days
3. fetal: 9th week of conception-birth
teratogens - Answer -factors between conception and birth that can adversely affect
prenatal development
ex: stress, alcohol, tobacco
chromosomes vs. genes - Answer -chromosomes: contain DNA
genes: segments of the chromosome that carry instructions for growth and development
