FNDH 400 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
macronutrients: needed in larger amounts--carbs, proteins, lipids, water
micronutrients: vitamins and minerals - Answers what are macronutrients vs. micronutrients?
name them.
the science of the action of food, beverages and their components in biological systems -
Answers Define Nutrition
compound that provides a needed function in the body - Answers define nutrient
carbs:4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
fat: 9 kcal/g - Answers what are the energy yielding macronutrients and what kcal/g do each of
them provide
energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius - Answers define kilocalorie
not a nutrient
7 kcal/g - Answers is alcohol a nutrient? how much energy does it provide? (in kcal/g)
Phytochemicals: plant
zoochemicals: animals - Answers what are phytochemicals vs. zoochemicals
beyond traditional nutrients-potential benefit outside of the nutrients that they contain -
Answers what are functional foods?
the study of human populations - Answers Define epidemiology
cross-sectional (only the present), case-control (past and the present), prospective cohort study
(present and the future) - Answers what are the 3 types of epidemiology and what time periods
do they study?
compare different geographical area's disease prevalence and diet habits-snapshot of the
present - Answers define cross-sectional study.
compare some exposure in cases vs. controls
Almost always retrospective-past study
studies past and present - Answers define case-control study
group of subjects or cohort and studied into the future
, -recruit a cohort and follow over time - Answers define prospective cohort study
In vitro: "within glass"
In vivo: "within the living" - Answers define in vitro vs. in vivo
-can be hard due to ethical reasons
-can't predict responses in a complex biological system
-however, you can control consumption - Answers Why animal studies? Give the pros and cons.
37 degrees celsius
5% CO2
-keeps it close to body temperature/environment - Answers cell cultures are kept at what
temperature and what CO2 value? why?
-metabolism and physiology is different
-models of disease are different - Answers what are the things that we need to keep in mind
when we interpret animal research and translate it to humans?
randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials - Answers what is the "gold standard"
of human intervention studies and clinical trials
results from a subject's belief in a treatment even though there is no treatment-conditions are
exactly the same but a section of the cohort is given the treatment and the other section is not -
Answers define placebo effect/how it comes about
randomly assigning subjects to groups-reduces bias - Answers define randomization
nontreatment related effects of researcher or subjects on the study results - Answers define
bias.
Open-label: both subjects and researchers know what treatment the subjects are receiving
Single-blind: subject doesn't know their treatment but the researcher does
Double-blind: both subject and researcher do not know what treatment the subject is receiving -
Answers describe open-label, single-blind and double-blind
Statistical evidence to suggest that the difference is likely not due to chance
-represented by the p-value - Answers define statistical significance and what is it represented
by?
p has to be less than 0.05 - Answers what does the p-value have to be in order to be considered
macronutrients: needed in larger amounts--carbs, proteins, lipids, water
micronutrients: vitamins and minerals - Answers what are macronutrients vs. micronutrients?
name them.
the science of the action of food, beverages and their components in biological systems -
Answers Define Nutrition
compound that provides a needed function in the body - Answers define nutrient
carbs:4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
fat: 9 kcal/g - Answers what are the energy yielding macronutrients and what kcal/g do each of
them provide
energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius - Answers define kilocalorie
not a nutrient
7 kcal/g - Answers is alcohol a nutrient? how much energy does it provide? (in kcal/g)
Phytochemicals: plant
zoochemicals: animals - Answers what are phytochemicals vs. zoochemicals
beyond traditional nutrients-potential benefit outside of the nutrients that they contain -
Answers what are functional foods?
the study of human populations - Answers Define epidemiology
cross-sectional (only the present), case-control (past and the present), prospective cohort study
(present and the future) - Answers what are the 3 types of epidemiology and what time periods
do they study?
compare different geographical area's disease prevalence and diet habits-snapshot of the
present - Answers define cross-sectional study.
compare some exposure in cases vs. controls
Almost always retrospective-past study
studies past and present - Answers define case-control study
group of subjects or cohort and studied into the future
, -recruit a cohort and follow over time - Answers define prospective cohort study
In vitro: "within glass"
In vivo: "within the living" - Answers define in vitro vs. in vivo
-can be hard due to ethical reasons
-can't predict responses in a complex biological system
-however, you can control consumption - Answers Why animal studies? Give the pros and cons.
37 degrees celsius
5% CO2
-keeps it close to body temperature/environment - Answers cell cultures are kept at what
temperature and what CO2 value? why?
-metabolism and physiology is different
-models of disease are different - Answers what are the things that we need to keep in mind
when we interpret animal research and translate it to humans?
randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials - Answers what is the "gold standard"
of human intervention studies and clinical trials
results from a subject's belief in a treatment even though there is no treatment-conditions are
exactly the same but a section of the cohort is given the treatment and the other section is not -
Answers define placebo effect/how it comes about
randomly assigning subjects to groups-reduces bias - Answers define randomization
nontreatment related effects of researcher or subjects on the study results - Answers define
bias.
Open-label: both subjects and researchers know what treatment the subjects are receiving
Single-blind: subject doesn't know their treatment but the researcher does
Double-blind: both subject and researcher do not know what treatment the subject is receiving -
Answers describe open-label, single-blind and double-blind
Statistical evidence to suggest that the difference is likely not due to chance
-represented by the p-value - Answers define statistical significance and what is it represented
by?
p has to be less than 0.05 - Answers what does the p-value have to be in order to be considered
