HCR 240 FINAL EXAM PATHO/ HCR 240 Final Exam With
complete solu#on RATED A+ 2025/2026 NEW!!
Cobblestone street
Crohn's disease o en has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial
wall.
Helicobacter Pylori
A bacterium that o en is found in pa ents with GERD and stomach ulcers
Ascites
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen
Osteopenia
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis
Gastroparesis
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD
Rheumatology
Inflamma on of muscle and joints
Steatorrhea
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease
Staphylococcus aureus
The bacteria that o en causes osteomyeli s
Sigmoid Volvulus
disease where the large intes ne is twis ng
Degenera ve Disc Diseases
The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned
Cholelithiasis
,Gallbladder is producing gallstones
Erythema Migrans
Another name for a bull's eye rash of Lyme Disease
hematochezia
Bleeding from hemorrhoids
arthri s
inflamma on of a joint
Melena
blood in stool
acute cholecys s
Infec on of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion
two type of swelling that can occur in osteoarthri s
Heberdens node- inflamma on of the distal interpalangeal joint. Bouchard's nodes-
inflamma on of the proximal interphalangeal joint.
risk factors of osteoporosis
Increased mortality risk with osteoporo c hip fractures, risk of mortality is 2.8 to 4 mes higher
amongst hip fracture pa ents 3 months a er fracture, and nearly 1 in 4 fracture pa ents die
within 12 months a er fracture.
How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infec on that can occur.
Through injec on, direct contact with infected neighboring ssue, and hematogenous or
lymphogenous spread.
Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia
Due to high levels of uric acid in the blood, deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints
causing a disorder known as gout. The accumula on of crystals in the joints cause flare-ups of
inflamma on in or around joints.
Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?
, Type of hernia is based on loca on... inguinal is most common, reducible- returned to normal
posi on a er manual pressure, incarcera on- loop of intes ne trapped within muscle fibers,
and strangula on- blood supply to hernia is compromised by pressure
What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn's Disease and Ulcera ve Coli s?
Chron's disease: IBD that can affect the en re GI tract, skip lesions, cobblestone appearance,
toxic megacolon UC: IBD that only involves the large intes ne, begins at rectum and moves
upward, psuedopolyps Celiac disease: hypersensi vity reac on to gluten causes bloa ng and
gas.
What abdominal pain is associated to appendici s?
Abdominal pain originates in the umbilical region and moves to the RLQ or McBurney's point.
What are diver cula? Where does this o en occur? Give specific loca on. What is the main
cause?
Small outpouchings formed in the bowel. The bowel has weakened areas and increased
intraluminal pressure. Most common in the sigmoid and descending colon.
What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?
Inflammatory erosion of stomach or duodenum created by hypersecre on of HCL, ineffec ve GI
mucus, and poor cellular repair.
Describe the causes of hepa s - including the viral and other reasons
Hepa s viruses are the most common cause of hepa s in the world. - Virus causing hepa s
are hepa s types A, B, C, D and E Other causes of hepa s are toxic substances (e.g. alcohol,
hepatotoxic drugs etc.). Autoimmune diseases can also cause hepa s.
Explain how gallbladder dysfunc on will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas to cause inflamma on.
Anatomical structure-func on of the gallbladder and pancreas affect one another. GB
dysfunc on caused mo lity disturbances and stasis of bile can lead to backup of bile into GB
and liver (choledocholithiasis) Gallstones: backup up bile leading to hepa c dysfunc on, can
move into the pancreas and cause pancrea s.
ischemic penumbra
Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion - not irreversible
Transient ischemic aAack
complete solu#on RATED A+ 2025/2026 NEW!!
Cobblestone street
Crohn's disease o en has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial
wall.
Helicobacter Pylori
A bacterium that o en is found in pa ents with GERD and stomach ulcers
Ascites
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen
Osteopenia
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis
Gastroparesis
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD
Rheumatology
Inflamma on of muscle and joints
Steatorrhea
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease
Staphylococcus aureus
The bacteria that o en causes osteomyeli s
Sigmoid Volvulus
disease where the large intes ne is twis ng
Degenera ve Disc Diseases
The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned
Cholelithiasis
,Gallbladder is producing gallstones
Erythema Migrans
Another name for a bull's eye rash of Lyme Disease
hematochezia
Bleeding from hemorrhoids
arthri s
inflamma on of a joint
Melena
blood in stool
acute cholecys s
Infec on of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion
two type of swelling that can occur in osteoarthri s
Heberdens node- inflamma on of the distal interpalangeal joint. Bouchard's nodes-
inflamma on of the proximal interphalangeal joint.
risk factors of osteoporosis
Increased mortality risk with osteoporo c hip fractures, risk of mortality is 2.8 to 4 mes higher
amongst hip fracture pa ents 3 months a er fracture, and nearly 1 in 4 fracture pa ents die
within 12 months a er fracture.
How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infec on that can occur.
Through injec on, direct contact with infected neighboring ssue, and hematogenous or
lymphogenous spread.
Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia
Due to high levels of uric acid in the blood, deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints
causing a disorder known as gout. The accumula on of crystals in the joints cause flare-ups of
inflamma on in or around joints.
Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?
, Type of hernia is based on loca on... inguinal is most common, reducible- returned to normal
posi on a er manual pressure, incarcera on- loop of intes ne trapped within muscle fibers,
and strangula on- blood supply to hernia is compromised by pressure
What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn's Disease and Ulcera ve Coli s?
Chron's disease: IBD that can affect the en re GI tract, skip lesions, cobblestone appearance,
toxic megacolon UC: IBD that only involves the large intes ne, begins at rectum and moves
upward, psuedopolyps Celiac disease: hypersensi vity reac on to gluten causes bloa ng and
gas.
What abdominal pain is associated to appendici s?
Abdominal pain originates in the umbilical region and moves to the RLQ or McBurney's point.
What are diver cula? Where does this o en occur? Give specific loca on. What is the main
cause?
Small outpouchings formed in the bowel. The bowel has weakened areas and increased
intraluminal pressure. Most common in the sigmoid and descending colon.
What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?
Inflammatory erosion of stomach or duodenum created by hypersecre on of HCL, ineffec ve GI
mucus, and poor cellular repair.
Describe the causes of hepa s - including the viral and other reasons
Hepa s viruses are the most common cause of hepa s in the world. - Virus causing hepa s
are hepa s types A, B, C, D and E Other causes of hepa s are toxic substances (e.g. alcohol,
hepatotoxic drugs etc.). Autoimmune diseases can also cause hepa s.
Explain how gallbladder dysfunc on will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas to cause inflamma on.
Anatomical structure-func on of the gallbladder and pancreas affect one another. GB
dysfunc on caused mo lity disturbances and stasis of bile can lead to backup of bile into GB
and liver (choledocholithiasis) Gallstones: backup up bile leading to hepa c dysfunc on, can
move into the pancreas and cause pancrea s.
ischemic penumbra
Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion - not irreversible
Transient ischemic aAack
