BIOL 2140 Final Exam with correct answers

BIOL 2140 Final Exam with correct |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




answers

dura mater of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- outer
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covering
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- single layer
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- not attached to bone of column
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- between the vertebrae and the dura is an epidural space
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filled with fat and a network of veins
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- continuation of meningeal layer covering brain
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arachnoid mater of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



CSF in subarachnoid space
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pia mater of the spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
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covers the spinal cord tissue to the conus medullaris
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(tapered end of cord |\ |\ |\




- continues as a fine filament (filum terminale)
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- anchors spinal cord to coccyx
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where does the dura mater and arachnoid extend
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beyond? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- extends beyond L1
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(end of spinal cord) to S2
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,where is the ideal area for a spinal tap? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔- L3 (lumbar punture) |\ |\ |\ |\




What is a lumbar puncture? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
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removal of CSF from subarachnoid space |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




what is the most common purpose for a lumbar puncture
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- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- collect CSF in case of:
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|\ - meningitis
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|\ - subarachnoid hemorrhage
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|\ - hydrocephalus
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|\ - benign intracranial
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|\ hypertension


another reason for lumbar punctures - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔- inject medications into the CSF |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



("intrathecally")
- EX: spinal anesthesia, chemo
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- can also be used to detect malignant cells in CSF ->
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brain carcinoma |\




how many spinal nerves exit intervertebral foramina? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-31 pairs |\ |\ |\ |\

,- cord ends around L1
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where do lumbar + sacral spinal nerves exit? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔- cauda equina |\ |\ |\




gray matter of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
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central 'H' shaped gray matter |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




- GM has central canal and:
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|\ - two dorsal horns
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|\ - two ventral horns
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golden rules of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
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sensory afferent nerves = back |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




2. motor nerves = front
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** see chart pg 116
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posterior horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- many |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



interneurons


anterior horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- some|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



interneurons |\




- nerve cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
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- send axons out via ventral (motor) root
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, lateral horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- in thoracic and
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superior lumbar sections |\ |\ |\




- cell bodies of visceral motor neurons (sympathetic
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division of ANS) |\ |\




- axons leave via the ventral root also
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dorsal root - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- contain afferent
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sensory nerve fibers carrying impulses from periphery
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- nerve cell bodies of sensory nerves are located in the
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dorsal root ganglion
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- dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal nerves
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ventral root - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- contain somatic +
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autonomic efferents |\




what can trauma to the spinal cord lead to? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔- paralysis |\ |\




flaccid paralysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- muscles
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atrophy due to lower motor neuron damage
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- EX: no impulses reach muscles
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