HCR 240 - Exam 2 (ASU) Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026

HCR 240 - Exam 2 (ASU) Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026 Ataxia - Answers uncoordinated movement of muscles Dysmetria - Answers past pointing or overshooting Tremors - Answers failure to dampen motor movement rhythmic movements of body part Nystagmus - Answers rapid, involuntary horizontal and vertical movements of the eyeball Paralysis - Answers loss of movement Paresis - Answers weakness of movement Motor Unit Components - Answers motor neuron + group of nerve fibers it innervates Clonus - Answers rhythmic contraction of and alternate relaxation of a limb caused by suddenly stretching a muscle Myoclonus - Answers involuntary jerking movement Coordination of Movement Requires: - Answers 4 areas of nervous system - motor system (muscle strength) -cerebral system (rhythmic movement & steady posture) -vestibular system (posture and balance) - sensory system (position sense) DMD - Answers Inherited Recessive single gene defect X chromosome mutations in gene that codes for dystrophin necrosis of muscle fibers Myasthenia Gravis - Answers antibody mediated (B cell) attack on acetylcholine receptors on muscle end of neuromuscular junction Segmental demyelination - Answers disorder of Schwann Cell (as in Guillain Barre Syndrome) or damage to myelin sheath WITHOUT primary abnormalities of the axon Axonal degeneration - Answers caused by primary injury to a neuronal cell body or it's axon Polyneuropathies - Answers multiple peripheral nerves longest axons involved first begins in distal part of extremities Guillain Barre Syndrome - Answers acute immune mediated polyneuropathy (T cell) rapidly progressing most common cause of acute, flaccid, nontraumatic paralysis Herniated Intervertebral Disk - Answers nucleus pulposus of disk is squeezed out past the annulus fibrosus mainly caused by trauma, also by osteoarthritis mainly cervical and lumbar areas Spinal Cord Injuries - Answers common young person disorder mainly due to combination of writhing movements and compressing force fractures, dislocations and subluxation Flexion SCI - Answers forward bending of spinal cord typical when head is struck from behind Extension SCI - Answers excessive bending backward of spinal cord fall when chin or face is point of impact Compression SCI - Answers vertebral bones shatter, squash, or even burst ex: blow to top of head or diving injury Acute SCI - Answers involves damage of neural elements of spinal cord primary and secondary Spinal shock - Answers immediate response to SCI flaccid paralysis with loss of tendon reflexes below injury level loss of bowel and bladder function may last hours or months Primary Acute SCI - Answers occurs at time of injury irreversible small hemorrhages in gray matter of cord leads to necrosis of neural tissue Secondary Acute SCI - Answers follows primary promote the spread of injury vascular damage and neuronal injury Central Cord Sydrome - Answers injury is primarily in white and gray matter of cord motor function of upper extremities is affected bowel, bladder, and sexual functions may be affected to various degrees Brown-Sequard Syndrome - Answers damage to hemisection of anterior and posterior cord