MDC 2 EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Initiation. Answer: * Change in gene expression leading to loss of
cellular regulation. * Excessive cell division
◉ Cancer development stages of malignancy. Answer: initiation,
promotion, progression, metastasis
◉ Promotion. Answer: * Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by
substances known as promoters * Promoters can be hormones,
proteins (insulin and estrogen)
◉ Progression. Answer: Continued change of a cancer making it
more malignant over time
◉ metastasis. Answer: Cancer cells move from the primary location
and establish remote colonies.
◉ Cancer classification. Answer: Cancers are classified by type of
tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated with the organ
where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood
cell-forming tissues such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
,◉ Cancer prevention primary. Answer: Avoidance of
known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection
during sun exposure Ex: Eliminate
◉ Modifying associated factors primary. Answer: Modifying
behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA
development. Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who
consume alcohol Diets high in fat and low in fibers
◉ Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary. Answer: Ex:
Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine
◉ Secondary Prevention. Answer: Regular screening for cancer does
not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of CA
deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual
mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast
exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men
50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex: BRCA genes
◉ Types of cancers. Answer: (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma,
lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma)
◉ Types of therapy ( surgery). Answer: Can be used prophylactically
or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies * Cons: loss of
function and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left
behind or mobilized into vasculature causing metastases
, ◉ Types of therapy (Radiation). Answer: Destroys cancer cells with
minimal damaging effects Side Effects Rash, altered taste, fatigue,
bone marrow suppression, hair loss Interprofessional collaborative
care: Do not remove ink markings Teach patients to avoid skin
irritants Teach patients about risk for fractures Implement exercise
and sleep interventions Care for dry mouth Nutritional
supplementation.
◉ Types of therapy (Chemotherapy). Answer: Treatment of cancer
with chemical agents. Damages DNA and interferes with cell division
◉ types of therapy ( Immunotherapy). Answer: *Modifies patients
biological responses to tumor cells Side Effects: * Fluid retention,
electrolyte imbalances, bone marrow supp. Skin reaction,
hypertension, GI distress, mucositis
◉ types of therapy ( Photodynamic). Answer: Selective destruction
of CA cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light
◉ Types of therapy (Hormonal Therapy). Answer: *Changing
hormone responses * Ex: some hormones make hormone sensitive
tumors grow more rapidly. Inhibits these responses. * Masculizing
effects in women, feminizing effects in men, acne, fluid retention,
hypercalcemia, DVT
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Initiation. Answer: * Change in gene expression leading to loss of
cellular regulation. * Excessive cell division
◉ Cancer development stages of malignancy. Answer: initiation,
promotion, progression, metastasis
◉ Promotion. Answer: * Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by
substances known as promoters * Promoters can be hormones,
proteins (insulin and estrogen)
◉ Progression. Answer: Continued change of a cancer making it
more malignant over time
◉ metastasis. Answer: Cancer cells move from the primary location
and establish remote colonies.
◉ Cancer classification. Answer: Cancers are classified by type of
tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated with the organ
where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood
cell-forming tissues such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
,◉ Cancer prevention primary. Answer: Avoidance of
known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection
during sun exposure Ex: Eliminate
◉ Modifying associated factors primary. Answer: Modifying
behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA
development. Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who
consume alcohol Diets high in fat and low in fibers
◉ Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary. Answer: Ex:
Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine
◉ Secondary Prevention. Answer: Regular screening for cancer does
not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of CA
deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual
mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast
exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men
50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex: BRCA genes
◉ Types of cancers. Answer: (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma,
lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma)
◉ Types of therapy ( surgery). Answer: Can be used prophylactically
or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies * Cons: loss of
function and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left
behind or mobilized into vasculature causing metastases
, ◉ Types of therapy (Radiation). Answer: Destroys cancer cells with
minimal damaging effects Side Effects Rash, altered taste, fatigue,
bone marrow suppression, hair loss Interprofessional collaborative
care: Do not remove ink markings Teach patients to avoid skin
irritants Teach patients about risk for fractures Implement exercise
and sleep interventions Care for dry mouth Nutritional
supplementation.
◉ Types of therapy (Chemotherapy). Answer: Treatment of cancer
with chemical agents. Damages DNA and interferes with cell division
◉ types of therapy ( Immunotherapy). Answer: *Modifies patients
biological responses to tumor cells Side Effects: * Fluid retention,
electrolyte imbalances, bone marrow supp. Skin reaction,
hypertension, GI distress, mucositis
◉ types of therapy ( Photodynamic). Answer: Selective destruction
of CA cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light
◉ Types of therapy (Hormonal Therapy). Answer: *Changing
hormone responses * Ex: some hormones make hormone sensitive
tumors grow more rapidly. Inhibits these responses. * Masculizing
effects in women, feminizing effects in men, acne, fluid retention,
hypercalcemia, DVT
