BCPS Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
sensitivity formula - Answers "Sensitivity =true positive/(true positive +false negative) Note:
more sensitive is closer to 1"
specificity formula - Answers Specificity = True negative/(true negative + false positive)
precision definition - Answers how consistent the test results are
accuracy formula - Answers "accuracy=(true positive plus true negative)/total - how true the test
results are"
receiver operator characteristic - Answers "the cutoff value for maximizing accuracy; describes
the inverse relationship between sensitivity and specificity (i.e. increasing specificity decreases
sensitivity)"
positive predictive value formula - Answers PPV=True positive/(true positive +false positive)
negative predictive value formula - Answers NPV= true negative/(true negative + false negative)
prevalence definition - Answers total number of cases at a given time
incidence definition - Answers new cases in a specfiic time peiod
likelihood ratio formula - Answers "positive test =true positive %/ false positive% OR negative
test =false negative %/true negative % "
when is a 95% CI statistically significant - Answers "for mean: if it doesn't cross 0; For OR/RR, if
it doesn't cross 1"
When is RR done - Answers prospective studies
When is OR done - Answers retrospective studies (would overestimate the risk in prospective
studies unless incidence in population is <10%)
RR formula - Answers RR=incidence rate in exposed patients/ incidence rate in non-exposed
patients
if RR >1, what does that mean - Answers the incidence in the exposed group is higher than non-
exposed group
Odds Ratio Formula - Answers OR = (# of exposed with disease present X # of unexposed with
disease absent)/(# of exposed with disease absent x # of unexposed with disease present)
what looks at predictability? - Answers regression analysis, not correlation coefficient
coefficient of variation (r squared) definition - Answers this provides us with the %of information
we can attribute from one variable to another
, linear regression vs multilinear regression - Answers linear is 1:1 independent to dependent
variables, whereas multilinear is multiple:1 independient to dependent variables
logistic regression analysis - Answers done to determine which variables are important to
predicting the outcome
Therapeutic Index Formula - Answers TI= median toxic (lethal) dose/median effective dose
Drug interaction with protease inhibitors - Answers Inhibit CYP3A4
NNRTI that inhibits not induces - Answers delavridine
what SNP is a problem with carbamazepine - Answers HLA-B*1502
what SNP is a problem with abacavir - Answers HLA-B*5701
more potent isomer of warfarin; cyp it goes - Answers S-isomer; 2C9
less potent isomer of warfarin; Cyp it goes through - Answers R-isomer; 3A4
inhibitors of 2C9 (4 A, S, M, F) - Answers Amiodarone, SMX/TMP, metronidazole, Fluconazole
what cyp is most important for clopidogrel activation - Answers 2C19
Which PPIs inhibit Cyp 2C19 - Answers omeprazole, lansoprazole
diltiazem/verapamil's mechanis of drug interactions (2) - Answers 3a4, Pgp
what to paroxetine/fluoxetine inhibit - Answers 2d6
how is gemfibrozil and simvastatin interaction mediated - Answers UGT
what drug requires 2d6 to be activated - Answers tamoxifen
lamotrigine and divalproex mechanism of interaction - Answers UGT
digoxin is a major substate of what - Answers Pgp
Iron absorption is inhibited by - Answers antacids
Drugs that need acidic environment for absoprtion (6: I, K, P, A, D, E) - Answers Itraconazole
capsules, ketoconazole, posaconazole, atazanavir, dasatinib, erlotinib
What drug should never be used w/ xanthine oxide inhibitors - Answers azathioprine
What mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions - Answers IgE, mast cells and basophils
releasing histamine
What are 2 examples of Type 1 hypersnsitivity reactions - Answers anaphylaxis and acute
sensitivity formula - Answers "Sensitivity =true positive/(true positive +false negative) Note:
more sensitive is closer to 1"
specificity formula - Answers Specificity = True negative/(true negative + false positive)
precision definition - Answers how consistent the test results are
accuracy formula - Answers "accuracy=(true positive plus true negative)/total - how true the test
results are"
receiver operator characteristic - Answers "the cutoff value for maximizing accuracy; describes
the inverse relationship between sensitivity and specificity (i.e. increasing specificity decreases
sensitivity)"
positive predictive value formula - Answers PPV=True positive/(true positive +false positive)
negative predictive value formula - Answers NPV= true negative/(true negative + false negative)
prevalence definition - Answers total number of cases at a given time
incidence definition - Answers new cases in a specfiic time peiod
likelihood ratio formula - Answers "positive test =true positive %/ false positive% OR negative
test =false negative %/true negative % "
when is a 95% CI statistically significant - Answers "for mean: if it doesn't cross 0; For OR/RR, if
it doesn't cross 1"
When is RR done - Answers prospective studies
When is OR done - Answers retrospective studies (would overestimate the risk in prospective
studies unless incidence in population is <10%)
RR formula - Answers RR=incidence rate in exposed patients/ incidence rate in non-exposed
patients
if RR >1, what does that mean - Answers the incidence in the exposed group is higher than non-
exposed group
Odds Ratio Formula - Answers OR = (# of exposed with disease present X # of unexposed with
disease absent)/(# of exposed with disease absent x # of unexposed with disease present)
what looks at predictability? - Answers regression analysis, not correlation coefficient
coefficient of variation (r squared) definition - Answers this provides us with the %of information
we can attribute from one variable to another
, linear regression vs multilinear regression - Answers linear is 1:1 independent to dependent
variables, whereas multilinear is multiple:1 independient to dependent variables
logistic regression analysis - Answers done to determine which variables are important to
predicting the outcome
Therapeutic Index Formula - Answers TI= median toxic (lethal) dose/median effective dose
Drug interaction with protease inhibitors - Answers Inhibit CYP3A4
NNRTI that inhibits not induces - Answers delavridine
what SNP is a problem with carbamazepine - Answers HLA-B*1502
what SNP is a problem with abacavir - Answers HLA-B*5701
more potent isomer of warfarin; cyp it goes - Answers S-isomer; 2C9
less potent isomer of warfarin; Cyp it goes through - Answers R-isomer; 3A4
inhibitors of 2C9 (4 A, S, M, F) - Answers Amiodarone, SMX/TMP, metronidazole, Fluconazole
what cyp is most important for clopidogrel activation - Answers 2C19
Which PPIs inhibit Cyp 2C19 - Answers omeprazole, lansoprazole
diltiazem/verapamil's mechanis of drug interactions (2) - Answers 3a4, Pgp
what to paroxetine/fluoxetine inhibit - Answers 2d6
how is gemfibrozil and simvastatin interaction mediated - Answers UGT
what drug requires 2d6 to be activated - Answers tamoxifen
lamotrigine and divalproex mechanism of interaction - Answers UGT
digoxin is a major substate of what - Answers Pgp
Iron absorption is inhibited by - Answers antacids
Drugs that need acidic environment for absoprtion (6: I, K, P, A, D, E) - Answers Itraconazole
capsules, ketoconazole, posaconazole, atazanavir, dasatinib, erlotinib
What drug should never be used w/ xanthine oxide inhibitors - Answers azathioprine
What mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions - Answers IgE, mast cells and basophils
releasing histamine
What are 2 examples of Type 1 hypersnsitivity reactions - Answers anaphylaxis and acute
