CCBC BIO 110 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
EXAMS AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS FULL
SOLUTION 2026.
⫸ Limits to cell size:. Answer: • Cells are usually too small to be seen
by the naked eye. Microscopes are used to visualize cells.
• Metabolic requirements set upper limits on the size of cells. The
surface area to volume ratio of
a cell is critical. As a cell increases in size, its volume grows
proportionately more than its surface
area.
• The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient
passage of oxygen, nutrients,
and waste to service the volume of every cell.
⫸ Prokaryotic cells have:. Answer: • No nucleus.
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid.
• No membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
⫸ Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having:. Answer: • DNA in a
nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope.
• Membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
,• Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.
⫸ The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are. Answer: housed in
the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
⫸ The nucleus. Answer: contains most of the cell's genes and is
usually the most conspicuous organelle
⫸ The nuclear envelope. Answer: encloses the nucleus, separating it
from the cytoplasm. The nuclear
membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a
phospholipid bilayer.
⫸ In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called.
Answer: chromosomes. Each chromosome is
composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins.
⫸ The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called.
Answer: chromatin. Chromatin condenses to
form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide.
⫸ The nucleolus is. Answer: located within the nucleus and is the site
of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
⫸ Ribosomes. Answer: are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and
protein.
, ⫸ Ribosomes carry out protein: synthesis in two locations. Answer: •
In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
• On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
(bound ribosomes)
⫸ The endomembrane system. Answer: regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions in the cell.
⫸ The endomembrane system consists of:. Answer: • Nuclear
envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Plasma membrane
These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by
vesicles.
⫸ The endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Answer: accounts for more than
half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. The ER
membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
⫸ There are two distinct regions of ER:. Answer: Smooth ER and
Rough ER
EXAMS AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS FULL
SOLUTION 2026.
⫸ Limits to cell size:. Answer: • Cells are usually too small to be seen
by the naked eye. Microscopes are used to visualize cells.
• Metabolic requirements set upper limits on the size of cells. The
surface area to volume ratio of
a cell is critical. As a cell increases in size, its volume grows
proportionately more than its surface
area.
• The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient
passage of oxygen, nutrients,
and waste to service the volume of every cell.
⫸ Prokaryotic cells have:. Answer: • No nucleus.
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid.
• No membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
⫸ Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having:. Answer: • DNA in a
nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope.
• Membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
,• Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.
⫸ The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are. Answer: housed in
the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
⫸ The nucleus. Answer: contains most of the cell's genes and is
usually the most conspicuous organelle
⫸ The nuclear envelope. Answer: encloses the nucleus, separating it
from the cytoplasm. The nuclear
membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a
phospholipid bilayer.
⫸ In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called.
Answer: chromosomes. Each chromosome is
composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins.
⫸ The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called.
Answer: chromatin. Chromatin condenses to
form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide.
⫸ The nucleolus is. Answer: located within the nucleus and is the site
of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
⫸ Ribosomes. Answer: are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and
protein.
, ⫸ Ribosomes carry out protein: synthesis in two locations. Answer: •
In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
• On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
(bound ribosomes)
⫸ The endomembrane system. Answer: regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions in the cell.
⫸ The endomembrane system consists of:. Answer: • Nuclear
envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Plasma membrane
These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by
vesicles.
⫸ The endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Answer: accounts for more than
half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. The ER
membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
⫸ There are two distinct regions of ER:. Answer: Smooth ER and
Rough ER
