EMT BASIC- MASSACHUSETTS ADVANCED TEST QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS.

Abrasion - correct answers an open injury to the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis) caused by a scraping away, rubbing, or shearing away of the tissue. Acute - correct answers With rapid onset Adequate Breathing for an adult - correct answers12-20 breaths per minute Adequate Breathing for a child - correct answers15-30 breaths per minute Adequate Breathing for an infant - correct answers25-50 breaths per minute administration - correct answers the route and form by which a drug is given Agonal Respirations - correct answers- gasping-type respirations that have no pattern and occur very infrequently; a sign of impending cardiac or respiratory arrest. - Death breaths Apnea - correct answers Absence of breathing, respiratory arrest Auscultation - correct answers Listening for sounds in the body with a stethoscope AVPU - correct answers- Alert - Responds to verbal stimuli - Responds to painful stimulus - Unresponsive Avulsion - correct answers An injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose or is hanging as a flap. Baroreceptors - correct answers stretch-sensitive receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid bodies that constantly measure the blood pressure. Baseline vital signs - correct answers the very first set of vital signs obtained on a patient Bilaterally - correct answers having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides. Battle sign - correct answers bruising over the mastoid process indicative of head trauma Blood Pressure - correct answers the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels Bloody Show - correct answers A small amount of blood at the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor Blunt Trauma - correct answers A force that impacts or is applied to the body but is not sharp enough to penetrate it, such as a blow or a crushing injury Bradycardia - correct answers slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm) Bradypnea - correct answers A breathing rate that is slower than the normal rate Bronchi - correct answers The two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs, providing the passageway for air movement. Bronchioles - correct answers- Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. - Carry air into the lungs bronchoconstriction - correct answers Constriction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles causing a narrowing of the air passageway. Bronchodilator - correct answers a medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs - Reverses bronchoconstriction Capillary Refill - correct answers The amount of time it takes for capillaries that have been compressed to refill with blood Cardiac Arrest - correct answers Ending of cardiac function with the patient displaying no pulse, no breathing, and unresponsiveness. Cerebrum - correct answers Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. Chronic - correct answers Long-standing, constant. Opposite of acute Conduction - correct answers the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material. congestive heart failure - correct answers a cardiac disease in which the heart cannot pump blood sufficiently to meet the needs of the body. Contusion - correct answers bruise, injury Crepitus - correct answers The sound or feel of broken fragments of bone grinding against each other. Cyanosis - correct answers A bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. decompensatory shock - correct answers an advanced stage of shock in which the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain a blood pressure and perfusion of the vital organs defibrillation - correct answers the use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm diabetic ketoacidosis - correct answersA condition typically found in type 1 diabetics where the blood glucose level is excessively elevated and insulin level is extremely low to absent, which causes glucose to be excreted in the urine, dehydrating the patient, and causes the body to metabolize fat for energy, Diaphoretic - correct answers Sweating heavily, profusely sweating diastolic blood pressure - correct answers The pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest. Duty to act - correct answers an obligation to provide care to a patient Dyspnea - correct answers difficult or labored breathing Edema - correct answers Swelling caused by fluid accumulating in the tissues Embolic Stroke - correct answers A type of ischemic stroke caused by plaque or other material that lodges in and blocks a cerebral artery. Epistaxis - correct answers nosebleed Evisceration - correct answers a protrusion of organs from a wound Expressed consent - correct answers Permission that must be obtained from every conscious, mentally competent adult before emergency treatment may be provided. Fowler's position - correct answers a semi-sitting position; the head of the bed is raised between 45 and 60 degrees full thickness burn - correct answersBurn that involves all the layers of the skin and can extend beyond the subcutaneous layer into the muscle, bone, or organs below; also called a third-degree burn. generalized tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal seizure) - correct answers a common type of seizure that produces unresponsiveness and a convulsion that exhibits generalized jerky muscle activity. Hematoma - correct answers a closed injury to the soft tissues characterized by swelling and discoloration caused by a mass of blood beneath the skin hematuria - correct answers blood in the urine hemorrhagic stroke - correct answers a stroke caused by rupture of a blood vessel in the brain that allows blood to leak and collect in or around the brain tissue. Hemothorax - correct answers blood in the pleural space, causing collapse of the lung. Hyperglycemia - correct answers high blood glucose. A blood glucose level greater than 120 mg/dL. Hyperthermia - correct answers abnormally high core body temperature above the normal 38 degrees Celcius hypglycemia - correct answers low blood glucose. a blood glucose level of 60mg/dL with signs or symptoms or a blood glucose level of less than 50 mg/dL with or without signs or symptoms. Hypothermia - correct answers abnormally low core body temperature; core body temperature below 37 degrees celcius hypovolemic shock - correct answers shock caused by the loss of blood or fluid from the intravascular space resulting in a low blood volume. Hypoxia - correct answers Reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues Implied consent - correct answers Type of consent in which a patient who is unable to give consent is given treatment under the legal assumption that he or she would want treatment. Informed consent - correct answers consent for treatment that is given by a competent patient based on full disclosure of possible risks and consequences. intracranial pressure - correct answers the amount of pressure inside the skull ischemic stroke - correct answers a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked Laceration - correct answers an open injury usually caused by forceful impact with a sharp object lateral recumbent - correct answers lying on either the left or right side Ligament - correct answers Connects bone to bone Secondary Assessment - correct answers A step within the patient assessment process in which a systematic physical examination of the patient is performed Neurogenic shock - correct answers a type of distributive shock that results from massive vasodilation. obstructive shock - correct answers a poor perfusion state resulting from a condition that obstructs forward blood flow. Occluded - correct answers closed or obstructed Occlusive dressing - correct answers any dressing that forms an airtight seal Orthopnea - correct answers difficulty breathing when lying down Paradoxical movement - correct answers a section of the chest that moves in the opposite direction to the rest of the chest during the phases of respiration. Typically seen with a flail segment partial thickness burn - correct answers burn that involves the epidermis and portions of the dermis, second-degree burn. Patent - correct answers Open, not blocked, open airway Pathogens - correct answers organisms that cause disease Perfusion - correct answers the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems, which results from the constant adequate circulation of blood through the capillaries cardiac/pericardial tamponade - correct answers Extra fluid builds up in the space around the heart Pertinent negatives - correct answers signs or symptoms that might be expected in certain circumstances, based on the chief complaint or physical exam, but are denied by the patient or not found on examination. pneumothorax - correct answers air in the pleural space causing collapse of the lung. positive pressure ventilation - correct answers method of aiding a patient whose breathing is inadequate by forcing air into his lungs. pulmonary contusion - correct answers bleeding within the lung tissue that causes a disturbance in gas exchange between the alveoli in the lungs. Pulmonary edema - correct answers- fluid in and around the alveoli in the lungs. - a sign of left-sided heart failure caused by the left ventricle not completely emptying (decreased ejection) causing pulmonary hypertension pulmonary embolism - correct answers blockage in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs Respiratory arrest - correct answers complete stoppage of breathing Respiratory distress - correct answers increased respiratory effort resulting from impaired respiratory function Resuscitation - correct answers bringing a patient back from a potential or apparent death Scope of practice - correct answers the actions and care that an EMT is legally allowed to perform, as typically defined by state laws. Semi-Fowler's Position - correct answers a position in which the patient is lying on the back with upper body elevated at less than 45 degrees. Shock - correct answers- Hypoperfusion - The insufficient delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body's cells and inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that results from inadequate circulation of blood. Standard of care - correct answers emergency care that would be expected to be given to a patient by any trained EMT under similar circumstances. status epilepticus - correct answers a seizure lasting longer than 2 minutes or seizures that occur consecutively without a period of responsiveness between them.