Organic chemistry summary

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SUMMARY
GR 10-12
IEB

,Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB



Table of Contents
General things to remember ................................................................................................................ 2
Organic Chemistry ................................................................................................................................ 3
Naming organic compounds ............................................................................................................ 3
Isomers ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Boiling and melting points ............................................................................................................... 7
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Alkanes and Alkenes...................................................... 8
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Haloalkanes ................................................................. 10
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Carboxcylic acids and alcohols .................................... 11
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Esters ........................................................................... 12
Addition reactions .......................................................................................................................... 13
Elimination reactions ..................................................................................................................... 14
Substitution reactions .................................................................................................................... 15




1|P age
R Jones and S Jooma

,Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB



General things to remember

 Always write down the formula.
 In chemistry all the measurements should be in grams, unless otherwise stated.
 Make sure that you are using the proper measurement for the formula.
 Remember to square numbers where there is a square in the formula.




2|P age
R Jones and S Jooma

, Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB



Organic Chemistry

Naming organic compounds

Homologous Structure of
Formula Functional group
series functional group
Alkanes C–C CnH2n + 2 N/A
Hydrocarbons
Alkenes C=C CnH2n N/A
Carbons containing
Haloalkanes C-X CnH2n + 2X N/A
C,H and a halogen
OH
Alcohols CnH2n + 1OH Hydroxyl
C
O
Compounds Carboxcylic acid || RCOOH Carboxyl
containing C,H and C-OH
O O
Esters || RCOOHR N/A
C-O-C


1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C 10C
Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec




• If there are any identical side chains use the prefixes di, tri and tetra.
• Always name in alphabetical order excluding di, tri and tetra.
• Numbers should be separated from letters by a dash (-).
• Numbers are separated by commas (,).
• Do not indicate where the functional group is for esters or carboxcylic acids, as the
functional group will always be on the first carbon  numbering is redundant.
• Dienes (two double bonds in alkenes) get an “a” before the suffix dienes for
euphonic purposes. Eg) buta-1,3-diene is correct, but buta-1,3-diene is not.
• Diols get an “e” before the diol suffix for euphonic purposes. Eg) butane-1,3-diol is
correct, but butan-1,3-diol is not.




3|P age
R Jones and S Jooma

, Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB



Naming Alkanes

• Single bonds between carbons.
• Find the longest carbon chain.
• Start numbering from the closest sidechain.
• Name in alphabetical order excluding di, tri, tetra …

Example

One carbon in To show that it
the sidechain. is an alkane.
H H H
| | | 3 – {Methyl}{hept}{ane}
7 6 5
H - C –C –C H H H The side chain
| | There are 7 carbons
| | | |
is located on in the longest chain.
H H C4 – C3 – C2 – C1 - H carbon 3.
| | |
H – C – HH H
|
H



Naming Alkenes

• One or more double bonds between carbons.
• Find the longest carbon chain.
• The double bond takes preference over the sidechains.
• Name in alphabetical order excluding di, tri, tetra …
“a” is only
added here
Example when there
Di is for two
are two
double bonds
double bonds
and ene to
There are to make the
H show that it
two methyl word sound
| is an alkene.
sidechains better.
H H–C–H
H H H
| | | | | |
3,3–{DiMethyl}{hex}{a}-1,5-{diene}
C1 = C2 – C3 – C4 – C5 = C6
| | | | | | The side The amount of Where
H H H chains are carbons that are the
H–C–H H H in the longest
located on double
| carbon 3. chain. bonds
H are.


4|P age
R Jones and S Jooma