Psychology Unit 4.2 Im.P. (Cont'd)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9kanse
1. RP-4 Infants' __________ to repeated stimulation helps developmental psychol-
ogists study what they can learn and remember.: ANSWER: habituation
2. Animals are predisposed to respond to their offspring's cries for nourish-
ment,: A predisposition of animals.
3. The pioneering American psychologist William James presumed that the new-
born experiences a "blooming, buzzing confusion," an assumption few people
challenged until the 1960s.: William James' assumption of newborns.
4. Within days after birth, our brain's neural networks were stamped with the
smell of our mother's body. Week-old nursing babies, placed between a gauze
pad from their mother's bra and one from another nursing mother, have
usually turned toward the smell of their own mother's pad (MacFarlane, 1978).
What's more, that smell preference lasts.: Newborns & their preference for their mother's scent.
5. The fetal damage may occur because alcohol has an epigenetic effect: It
leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off (Liu et
al., 2009). Smoking during pregnancy also leaves epigenetic scars that weaken
infants' ability to handle stress (Stroud et al., 2014).: The epigenetic effect of teratogens.
6. Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social respon-
siveness. We turn our heads in the direction of human voices. We gaze longer
at a drawing of a face-like image (FIGURE 13.4). We prefer to look at objects
8 to 12 inches away. Wonder of wonders, that just happens to be about the
distance between a nursing infant's eyes and its mother's (Maurer & Maurer,
1988). Our brain's default settings help us connect socially.: The Social Responsiveness
of Newborns.
7. If their mother spoke two languages during pregnancy, newborns displayed
interest in both (Byers-Heinlein et al., 2010). And just after birth, babies born
to French-speaking mothers tended to cry with the rising intonation of French;
babies born to German-speaking mothers cried with the falling tones of Ger-
man (Mampe et al., 2009). Would you have guessed? The learning of language
begins in the womb.: The beginning of learning language.
8. We saw this earlier when fetuses adapted to a vibrating, honking device
placed on their mother's abdomen. The novel stimulus gets attention when
first presented. With repetition, the response weakens. This seeming boredom
, Psychology Unit 4.2 Im.P. (Cont'd)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9kanse
with familiar stimuli gives us a way to ask infants what they see and remem-
ber.: The use of habituation.
9. (a) The embryo grows and develops rapidly. At 40 days, the spine is visible and
the arms and legs are beginning to grow. (b) By the start of the ninth week,
when the fetal period begins, facial features, hands, and feet have formed. (c)
As the fetus enters the sixteenth week, its 3 ounces could fit in the palm of your
hand.: From Embryo to fetus.
10. ANSWER: (1) Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive
development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial de-
velopment).
(2) Some traits, such as temperament, exhibit remarkable stability across many
years.: RP-2 What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and
(2) the idea of stability in personality across the life span?
11. Babies come with apps preloaded. Having survived prenatal hazards, we as
newborns came equipped with automatic reflex responses ideally suited for
our survival. We withdrew our limbs to escape pain. If a cloth over our face
interfered with our breathing, we turned our head from side to side and swiped
at it.: Survival instinct of newborns.
12. We cannot, however, predict all aspects of our future selves based on our ear-
ly life. Our social attitudes, for example, are much less stable than our tempera-
ment, especially during the impressionable late adolescent years (Krosnick &
Alwin, 1989; Rekker et al., 2015). Older children and adolescents learn new ways
of coping. Although delinquent children have elevated rates of later problems,
many confused and troubled children blossom into mature, successful adults
(Moffitt et al., 2002; Roberts, B. W., et al., 2013; Thomas & Chess, 1986).: The stability
of social attitudes.
13. New parents are often in awe of the coordinated sequence of reflexes by
which their baby gets food. When something touches their cheek, babies turn
toward that touch, open their mouth, and vigorously root for a nipple. Finding
one, they automatically close on it and begin sucking. (Failing to find satisfac-
tion, the hungry baby may cry—a behavior parents find highly unpleasant, and
very rewarding to relieve.) Other adaptive reflexes include the startle reflex
, Psychology Unit 4.2 Im.P. (Cont'd)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9kanse
(when arms and legs spring out, quickly followed by fist clenching and loud
crying) and the surprisingly strong grasping reflex, both of which may have
helped infants stay close to their caregivers.: Reflexes of a newborn.
14. Life is a journey, from womb to tomb. So it is for me [DM], and so it will be
for you. My story, and yours, began when a man and a woman together con-
tributed 20,000+ genes to an egg that became a unique person. Those genes
coded the protein building blocks that, with astonishing precision, formed our
bodies and predisposed our traits.: The beginning of the story of life.
15. RP-3 The first two weeks of prenatal development is the period of the
__________. The period of the __________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until
birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of
the __________.: ANSWER: zygote; fetus; embryo
16. As I wend my way through this cycle of life and death, I am mindful that life is
a journey, a continuing process of development, seeded by nature and shaped
by nurture, animated by love and focused by work, begun with wide-eyed
curiosity and completed, for those blessed to live to a good old age, with peace
and never-ending hope.: The journey of life.
17. If a pregnant woman experiences extreme stress, the stress hormones flood-
ing her body may indicate a survival threat to the fetus and produce an earlier
delivery (Glynn & Sandman, 2011). Some stress early in life prepares us to cope
with later adversity. But substantial prenatal stress exposure puts a child at
increased risk for health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, obesity,
and psychiatric disorders.: The effects of stress on an unborn child.
18. Nature and nurture: How does our genetic inheritance (our nature) interact
with our experiences (our nurture) to influence our development?: Developmental
Psychology's Major Issues.
19. Continuity and stages: What parts of development are gradual and contin-
uous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages,
like climbing rungs on a ladder?: Developmental Psychology's Major Issues.
20. Even light drinking or occasional binge drinking can affect the fetal brain
(Braun, 1996; Marjonen et al., 2015). Persistent heavy drinking puts the fetus at
risk for a dangerously low birth weight, birth defects, future behavior problems,
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9kanse
1. RP-4 Infants' __________ to repeated stimulation helps developmental psychol-
ogists study what they can learn and remember.: ANSWER: habituation
2. Animals are predisposed to respond to their offspring's cries for nourish-
ment,: A predisposition of animals.
3. The pioneering American psychologist William James presumed that the new-
born experiences a "blooming, buzzing confusion," an assumption few people
challenged until the 1960s.: William James' assumption of newborns.
4. Within days after birth, our brain's neural networks were stamped with the
smell of our mother's body. Week-old nursing babies, placed between a gauze
pad from their mother's bra and one from another nursing mother, have
usually turned toward the smell of their own mother's pad (MacFarlane, 1978).
What's more, that smell preference lasts.: Newborns & their preference for their mother's scent.
5. The fetal damage may occur because alcohol has an epigenetic effect: It
leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off (Liu et
al., 2009). Smoking during pregnancy also leaves epigenetic scars that weaken
infants' ability to handle stress (Stroud et al., 2014).: The epigenetic effect of teratogens.
6. Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social respon-
siveness. We turn our heads in the direction of human voices. We gaze longer
at a drawing of a face-like image (FIGURE 13.4). We prefer to look at objects
8 to 12 inches away. Wonder of wonders, that just happens to be about the
distance between a nursing infant's eyes and its mother's (Maurer & Maurer,
1988). Our brain's default settings help us connect socially.: The Social Responsiveness
of Newborns.
7. If their mother spoke two languages during pregnancy, newborns displayed
interest in both (Byers-Heinlein et al., 2010). And just after birth, babies born
to French-speaking mothers tended to cry with the rising intonation of French;
babies born to German-speaking mothers cried with the falling tones of Ger-
man (Mampe et al., 2009). Would you have guessed? The learning of language
begins in the womb.: The beginning of learning language.
8. We saw this earlier when fetuses adapted to a vibrating, honking device
placed on their mother's abdomen. The novel stimulus gets attention when
first presented. With repetition, the response weakens. This seeming boredom
, Psychology Unit 4.2 Im.P. (Cont'd)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9kanse
with familiar stimuli gives us a way to ask infants what they see and remem-
ber.: The use of habituation.
9. (a) The embryo grows and develops rapidly. At 40 days, the spine is visible and
the arms and legs are beginning to grow. (b) By the start of the ninth week,
when the fetal period begins, facial features, hands, and feet have formed. (c)
As the fetus enters the sixteenth week, its 3 ounces could fit in the palm of your
hand.: From Embryo to fetus.
10. ANSWER: (1) Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive
development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial de-
velopment).
(2) Some traits, such as temperament, exhibit remarkable stability across many
years.: RP-2 What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and
(2) the idea of stability in personality across the life span?
11. Babies come with apps preloaded. Having survived prenatal hazards, we as
newborns came equipped with automatic reflex responses ideally suited for
our survival. We withdrew our limbs to escape pain. If a cloth over our face
interfered with our breathing, we turned our head from side to side and swiped
at it.: Survival instinct of newborns.
12. We cannot, however, predict all aspects of our future selves based on our ear-
ly life. Our social attitudes, for example, are much less stable than our tempera-
ment, especially during the impressionable late adolescent years (Krosnick &
Alwin, 1989; Rekker et al., 2015). Older children and adolescents learn new ways
of coping. Although delinquent children have elevated rates of later problems,
many confused and troubled children blossom into mature, successful adults
(Moffitt et al., 2002; Roberts, B. W., et al., 2013; Thomas & Chess, 1986).: The stability
of social attitudes.
13. New parents are often in awe of the coordinated sequence of reflexes by
which their baby gets food. When something touches their cheek, babies turn
toward that touch, open their mouth, and vigorously root for a nipple. Finding
one, they automatically close on it and begin sucking. (Failing to find satisfac-
tion, the hungry baby may cry—a behavior parents find highly unpleasant, and
very rewarding to relieve.) Other adaptive reflexes include the startle reflex
, Psychology Unit 4.2 Im.P. (Cont'd)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9kanse
(when arms and legs spring out, quickly followed by fist clenching and loud
crying) and the surprisingly strong grasping reflex, both of which may have
helped infants stay close to their caregivers.: Reflexes of a newborn.
14. Life is a journey, from womb to tomb. So it is for me [DM], and so it will be
for you. My story, and yours, began when a man and a woman together con-
tributed 20,000+ genes to an egg that became a unique person. Those genes
coded the protein building blocks that, with astonishing precision, formed our
bodies and predisposed our traits.: The beginning of the story of life.
15. RP-3 The first two weeks of prenatal development is the period of the
__________. The period of the __________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until
birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of
the __________.: ANSWER: zygote; fetus; embryo
16. As I wend my way through this cycle of life and death, I am mindful that life is
a journey, a continuing process of development, seeded by nature and shaped
by nurture, animated by love and focused by work, begun with wide-eyed
curiosity and completed, for those blessed to live to a good old age, with peace
and never-ending hope.: The journey of life.
17. If a pregnant woman experiences extreme stress, the stress hormones flood-
ing her body may indicate a survival threat to the fetus and produce an earlier
delivery (Glynn & Sandman, 2011). Some stress early in life prepares us to cope
with later adversity. But substantial prenatal stress exposure puts a child at
increased risk for health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, obesity,
and psychiatric disorders.: The effects of stress on an unborn child.
18. Nature and nurture: How does our genetic inheritance (our nature) interact
with our experiences (our nurture) to influence our development?: Developmental
Psychology's Major Issues.
19. Continuity and stages: What parts of development are gradual and contin-
uous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages,
like climbing rungs on a ladder?: Developmental Psychology's Major Issues.
20. Even light drinking or occasional binge drinking can affect the fetal brain
(Braun, 1996; Marjonen et al., 2015). Persistent heavy drinking puts the fetus at
risk for a dangerously low birth weight, birth defects, future behavior problems,
