AQA PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 EXAM WITH 100- CORRECT ANSWERS

AQA PSYCHOLOGY: PAPER 2 EXAM n n n n




WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
n n n n




Assumptions nof nthe nbehaviourist napproach n(6) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1. nWe nare nall nborn
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nas na nblank nslate.
n n n n




2. nAll nbehaviour nis nlearnt.
n n n n




3. nWe nare na nproduct nof nour nenvironment n(nurture).
n n n n n n n n




4. nAll nbehaviour ncan nbe nexplained nthrough nclassical nand noperant nconditioning.
n n n n n n n n n n




5. nBehaviour nshould nbe ninvestigated nusing nscientific nexperiments.
n n n n n n n




6. nBasic nlearning nprocesses nare nthe nsame nin nall nspecies
n n n n n n n n n




Pavlov- nClassical nConditioning n- n ncorrect nanswer--learning nthriugh nassociation
n n n n n n n n




-taught ndogs nhow nto nsalivate nto nthe nsound nof na nbell
n n n n n n n n n n




Operant nconditioning n- n ncorrect nanswer--learning nis nan nactive nprocess nwhere
n n n n n n n n n n




nhumans nand nanimals noperate non ntheir nenvironment, nbehaviour nis nshaped nby
n n n n n n n n n n n




nconsequences
n




-positive nreinforcement: nrewarding na nbehaviour nso nis nrepeated
n n n n n n n




-negative nreinforcement: navoiding nsomething nunpleasant
n n n n




-punishment: nunpleasant nconsequence nof nbehaviour, ndecreases nthe nlikelihood nof
n n n n n n n n




nrepeating nthe nbehaviour
n n n

,Skinner's nBox n(Operant nConditioning) n- n ncorrect nanswer-Hungry nrat nput nin na nbox.
n n n n n n n n n n n n




nWhen nit npressed na nlever, nit nwas npresented nwith nfood. nLearnt nto nrepeat nthe
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nbehaviour n(positive nreinforcement).
n n n




In nanother nvariation, nthe nrat nlearnt nto npush nthe nlever nto nstop nelectric nshocks
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




n(negative nreinforcement)
n n




Evaluate nthe nbehaviourist napproach n(Strengths) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1)Well-controlled
n n n n n n n n




nresearch: nthey nfocus non nmeasuring nobservable nbehaviour nwithin nhighly ncontrolled
n n n n n n n n n n




nsettings. nby nbreaking nbehaviour ninto nS-R nlinks, nall nextraneous nvariables nare
n n n n n n n n n n n




nremoved.
n




2)Real-world napplication: noperant nconditioning nis nthe nfoundation nof ntoken neconomy n n n n n n n n n




nsystems nused nin ninstitutions nlike nprisons nand npsych nwards.
n n n n n n n n n




Evaluate nthe nbehaviourist napproach n(Limitations) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1)
n n n n n n n n




nOversimplified nlearning- nreductionist nas nreduces nbehaviour nto nsimple ncomponents
n n n n n n n n n




nand nignored nhuman nthought nwhich nother napproaches nlike nSLT nand ncog. napproach
n n n n n n n n n n n n




ntake ninto naccount.
n n n




2)Environmental ndeterminism-sees nall nbehaviour nas nconditioned nby npast n n n n n n n




nconditioning nexperiences. nSkinner nsaid neverything nwe ndo nis nthe nsum ntotal nof nour
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nreinforcement nhistory. nThis nignores nthe ninfluence nof nfree nwill nwhich nhe nconsidered
n n n n n n n n n n n n




nto nbe nan nillusion.
n n n n




Assumptions nof nsocial nlearning ntheory n- n ncorrect nanswer-People nlearn nthrough n n n n n n n n n n




nobservation nand nimitation nof nothers
n n n n n




Vicarious nreinforcement n- n ncorrect nanswer--indirect nlearning nwhen none nobserves nthe
n n n n n n n n n n




nbehaviour nof nothers
n n n




-imitation nonly noccurs nif nthe nbehaviour nis nseen nto nbe nrewarded
n n n n n n n n n n




Bandura net nal- nSLT n- n ncorrect nanswer--recorded nthe nbehaviour nof nyoung nchildren
n n n n n n n n n n n n




nwho nwatched nan nadult nbehave nin nan naggressive nway ntowards na nBobo ndoll
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




-the nadult nhit nthe ndoll nwith na nhammer nand nshouted nabuse nat nit
n n n n n n n n n n n n




-these nchildren ntreated nthe ntoys nmore naggressively nthan nthose nin nthe nother
n n n n n n n n n n n




ncondition nwith na nnon-aggressive nadult
n n n n n




4 nmediational nprocesses nin nlearning n- n ncorrect nanswer-1)Attention
n n n n n n n n




2)Retention
3)Motor nreproduction n




4)Motivation
-the nfirst n2 nare nrelated nto nthe nlearning nof nthe nbehaviour nand nthe nlast n2 nare nabout
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nperformance nof nthe nbaehaviour
n n n n




Identification-SLT n- n ncorrect nanswer-A nperson nidentifies nwith na nrole nmodel nand n n n n n n n n n n n




nmodels nthem. nA nperson nbecomes na nrole nmodel nif nthey nare nseen nto npossess nsimilar
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




ncharacteristics nto nthe nobserver/are nattractive nand nhave nhigh nstatus.
n n n n n n n n n




What ndid nShutts net nal nfind nabout nwho nchildren nare nmore nlikely nto nimitate? n- n ncorrect
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nanswer-a nplaymate nof nsimilar nage nand nrace
n n n n n n n

,Evaluate nSLT n(Strengths) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1) nCognitive nfactors nrecognised- na
n n n n n n n n n n




nmore ncomprehensive nexplanation nof nhuman nlearning nthan nbehaviourists.
n n n n n n n n




2) nReal-world napplication- nexplains ncultural ndiffs nin nbehaviour. nModelling, nimitations
n n n n n n n n n




nand nreinforcement ncan naccount nfor nhow nchildren nlearn nthem.
n n n n n n n n n




Evaluate nSLT n(Limitations) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1)Biological nfactors nignores- nalthough
n n n n n n n n n




nBandura nclaimed nnatural nbiological ndiffs ninfluenced nour nlearning npotential, nhe
n n n n n n n n n n




nthought nit nwas ndetermined nby nenvironment. nResearch nshows nthat nthe nobservational
n n n n n n n n n n n




nlearning nmay nbe ndue nto nmirror nneurons nin nthe nbrain.
n n n n n n n n n n




2) nContrived nlab nstudies- nppts nmay nrespond nto ndemand ncharacteristics. nChildren
n n n n n n n n n n




nmay nhave nthought nthat nsince nthe nmain npurpose nof nthe nBobo ndoll nwas nto nstrike nit,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nthey ndid nwhat nwas nexpected nof nthem.
n n n n n n n




Assumptions nof nthe npsychodynamic napproach n- n ncorrect nanswer--The nconscious n n n n n n n n n




nmind nis nmerely nthe ntip nof nthe niceberg
n n n n n n n n




-Most nof nour nmind nis nthe nunconscious
n n n n n n




-The nunconscious ncontains nrepressed ndisturbing nmemories nthat ncan nbe naccessed
n n n n n n n n n




nthrough ndreams nor nslip nof nthe ntongues n(parapraxes)
n n n n n n n n




-Under nthe nsurface nof nour nconscious nmind nis nthe npreconscious nwhich ncontains
n n n n n n n n n n n




nthoughts nand nmemories nthat naren't ncurrently nin nour nconscious nbut ncan nbe
n n n n n n n n n n n n




naccessed.
n




The nId n- n ncorrect nanswer--primitive npart nof nour npersonality
n n n n n n n n n




-operates non nthe npleasure nprinciple n n n n




-seething nmass nof nunconscious ndrives nand ninstincts n n n n n n




-only npart npresent nat nbirth
n n n n




-throughout nlife, nit nis nentirely nselfish nand ndemands ninstant ngratification n n n n n n n n n




The nEgo n- n ncorrect nanswer--works non nthe nreality nprinciple
n n n n n n n n n




-mediator nbetween nthe nother n2 nparts n n n n n




-develops naround nage n2 nand nit nreduces nconflict nbetween nthe nId nand nSuperego's
n n n n n n n n n n n n




ndemands
n




-manages nthis nby nemploying na nnumber nof ndefence nmechanisms n n n n n n n n




The nEgo's ndefence nmechanisms n- n ncorrect nanswer-1)Repression n- nburying nan
n n n n n n n n n n




nunpleasant nthought nor ndesire nin nthe nunconscious
n n n n n n n




2)Displacement n- nemotions nare ndirected naway nfrom ntheir nsource nor ntarget, ntowards n n n n n n n n n n n




nother nthings n
n n n




3)Denial n- na nthreatening nthought nis nignored nor ntreated nas nif nit nwere nnot ntrue n
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




-they're ndone nto nreduce nanxiety n n n n




Superego n- n ncorrect nanswer--formed nat nthe nend nof nthe nPhallic nstage, naround n5
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nyears nold
n n




-our ninternalised nsense nof nright nand nwrong-based non nthe nmorality nprinciple-
n n n n n n n n n n




nrepresents nmoral nstandards nof nour nsame-sex nparent nand npunishes nthe nId nfor
n n n n n n n n n n n n




nwrongdoing nthrough nguilt
n n n




Psychosexual nstages n- n ncorrect nanswer-each nstages napart nfrom nlatency nis nmarked n n n n n n n n n n n




nby na ndiff nconflict nthat nthe nchild nmust nresolve nin norder nto nprogress nsuccessfully nto
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

, n
nthe nnext nstage. nany nunresolved nconflict nleads nto nfixation nwhere nthe nchild nbecomes
n n n n n n n n n n n n




nstuck nand ncarries ncertain nbehaviours nthrough nto nadult nlife
n n n n n n n n n




stages: noral, nanal, nphallic, nlatency nand ngenital
n n n n n n




Oral nstage n- n ncorrect nanswer--0-1 nyears nold
n n n n n n n




-focus nof npleasure nis nthe nmouth, nmothers nbreast nis nthe nobject nof ndesire
n n n n n n n n n n n n




-consequence nof nunresolved nconflict: noral nfixation- nsmoking, nbiting nnails, nsarcastic, n n n n n n n n n




ncritical
n




Anal nstage n- n ncorrect nanswer--1-3 nyears
n n n n n n




-focus nof npleasure nis nthe nanus, ngains npleasure nwithholding nand nexpelling nfaeces
n n n n n n n n n n n




-consequence: nanal nretentive n(perfectionist, nobsessive), nanal nexpulsive n n n n n n




n(thoughtless, nmessy)
n n




Phallic nstage n- n ncorrect nanswer--3-6 nyears
n n n n n n




-focus nof npleasure nis nthe ngenital narea
n n n n n n




-C: nphallic npersonality n(narcissistic, nreckless)
n n n n




Latency nstage n- n ncorrect nanswer-6-puberty n n n n n




-sexual nurges nare nrepressed n n n




Genital nstage n- n ncorrect nanswer--sexual ndesires nbecome nconscious nalongside nthe
n n n n n n n n n n




nonset nof npuberty
n n n




-C: ndifficulty nforming nhetero nrelatsionships
n n n n




Evaluate npsychodynamic napproach n(Strengths) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1) nReal-world
n n n n n n n n




napplication: nintroduced nidea nof npsychotherapy. nFreud nbrought npsychoanalysis nto
n n n n n n n n n




nfirst ntreat nmental ndisorders npsychologically nrather nthan nphysically nby ntrying nto
n n n n n n n n n n n




naccess nthe nunconscious n(Dream nanalysis). nAims nto nbring nrepressed nemotions nto
n n n n n n n n n n n




nthe nconscious nmind nto nbe ndealt nwith.
n n n n n n n




2) nExplanatory npower: nit nexplains nhuman nbehaviour nalthough nbizarre. nIt nis
n n n n n n n n n n




nsignificant nin ndrawing nattention nto nthe nconnection nbetween nchildhood nexperiences
n n n n n n n n n n




nand nour nlater ndevelopment.
n n n n




Evaluate nthe npsychodynamic napproach n(limitations) n- n ncorrect nanswer-1)
n n n n n n n n




nPsychoanalysis nisn't nfor neveryone- nhas nclaimed nsuccess nwith nclients nwith nmild
n n n n n n n n n n n




nneuroses nbut nis ninappropriate, neven nharmful, nfor nthose nwith nmore nserious nmental
n n n n n n n n n n n n




ndisorders nlike nSz nas nmany nof nthe nsymptoms nare ndue nto na nlost ngrip nof nreality nand
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




ntheir nthoughts ncan't nbe narticulated nright.
n n n n n n




2) nUntestable nconcepts- ndoesn't nmeet nthe nscientific ncriteria nof nfalsifiability. nNot nopen
n n n n n n n n n n n




nto nempirical ntesting. nMany nof nthe nconcepts n(the n2 ncomplexes) nare nsaid nto nbe
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nunconscious nto nis ndifficult nto ntest. nIdeas nalso nbased non nsingle nstudies nlike nLittle
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nHans.
n




Assumptions nof nthe nhumanistic npsychology n- n ncorrect nanswer--humans nare nself- n n n n n n n n n n




determining nand nhave nfree nwill n n n n




-psychology nshould nconcern nitself nwith nthe nstudy nof nsubjective nexperiences nrather
n n n n n n n n n n




nthan ngeneral nlaws
n n n