NURS 8024 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT VERSION>

NURS 8024 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;RECENT VERSION&gt; 1. Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa are stimulated by - ANSWER *acetycholine, histamine, gastrin 2. Receptor-mediated binding of acetylcholine, histamine, or gastrin results in - ANSWER *the activation of protein kinases, which in turn stimulates the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) proton pump 3. Gastrin and acetylcholine stimulate release of - ANSWER histamine 4. receptor binding of prostaglandin E2 and somatostatin diminish - ANSWER gastric acid production 5. Antacids - ANSWER weak bases that react with gastric acid to form water and a salt → diminishing gastric acidity Reduce pepsin activity - pepsin inactive at a pH &gt;4 Wide variety* in chemical composition, acid-neutralizing capacity, sodium content, palatability, and price Acid neutralizing ability* of an antacid depends on its capacity to neutralize gastric HCl and on whether the stomach is full or empty • food delays stomach emptying, allowing more time for the antacid to react 6. Therapeutic uses of antacids - ANSWER • Symptomatic relief of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) • May promote healing of duodenal ulcers, but not robust evidence for efficacy in Tx of acute gastric ulcers • Calcium carbonate preparations • also used as calcium supplements for the treatment of osteoporosis 7. Commonly used antacid drugs - ANSWER Classes • Calcium salts: calcium carbonate: Tums/Rolaids • Sodium bicarbonate: Alka-Seltzer • Aluminum salts - Aluminum hydroxide: Amphojel; Aluminum carbonate: Basaljel • Magnesium salts/ magnesium oxide: Milk of Magnesia • Combination products • Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox, Mylanta) • Alginic acid, magnesium trisilicate, calcium stearate (Gaviscon) 8. Class I drugs - ANSWER Majority of agents • Low dose/capacity ratio • Amount of drug &lt; albumin binding capacity • Number of binding sites &gt; available drug 9. Class II Drugs - ANSWER Minority of agents • High dose/capacity ratio • Amount of drug &gt; albumin binding capacity • High proportion of drug in "free" state- not protein bound 10. Clinical Implications of Plasma Protein Binding - ANSWER Drug displacement from albumin substantial source of drug interactions..... • Class I drug - warfarin • Highly protein bound - small fraction of free drug in plasma ↓ • Class II drug given - sulfa • Displaces warfarin from albumin • Rapid rise in free drug concentration • Increased therapeutic effect- toxic effect 11. Drug displacement and Vd dependent on - ANSWER Dependent on Vd and therapeutic index of drug • Large Vd versus Small Vd 12. If therapeutic index is narrow: - ANSWER there may be a small increase in drug concentration that may have substantial clinical impact 13. First-order kinetics (majority of drugs) - ANSWER • Metabolic transformation of drugs by enzymes • Rate of drug metabolism is directly proportional to the concentration of free drug, so constant fraction of drug per unit of time • Linear elimination pattern - reflected by the ½ life of the drug • Each half life cuts the drug concentration by 50% • At 2 half-lives - drug has been 75% removed • At 5 half-lives - drug is essentially removed from the body 14. Zero-order kinetics - ANSWER • aspirin, ethanol, phenytoin • Rate of metabolism is constant over time, - therefore a Constant amount of drug metabolized per unit of time 15. Processes of drug metabolism Phase 1 - ANSWER • involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis to ↑ polarity and water solubility of the drug 16. Processes of drug metabolism Phase 2 - ANSWER • involves conjugation - reaction in which a large chemical group is attached to the molecule to increase solubility and facilitate excretion of the metabolite from the body 17. Whether drugs undergo both phase 1 and 2 of metabolism or only one of the phases depends on - ANSWER the chemical nature of the drug 18. Phase 1 drug metabolism reactions involve - ANSWER CYP450 system 19. CYP450 System - ANSWER Serves to convert lipophilic molecules into more polar molecules 20. Phase 1 metabolism - ANSWER can increase, decrease, or leave drug pharmacologic activity 21. unchanged 22. Lipid soluble metabolites must be synthesized in the - ANSWER Liver via Phase 1 & 2 metabolism