DEC 2025 FINAL EXAM FOR SOCI 305 Sociology and Crime Athabasca University
Correct
Incorrect
Your answers
1 of 43
Term
Forms of homicide
Stranger Homicides:
Give this one a try later!
Criminologists recognize the critical role of the victim in the criminal process and
that the victim's behaviour is often a key determinant of crime.27 Victimology
includes the following areas of interest:
• Using victim surveys to measure the nature and extent of criminal behaviour
and calculate the actual costs of crime to victims
• Calculating probabilities of victimization risk
• Studying victim culpability in the precipitation of crime
, • Designing services for crime victims, such as counselling, compensation, and
restorative justice programs
• Victimology has taken on greater importance as more criminologists focus
attention on the victim's role in the criminal event.
Psychologists believe that psychopathy is a psychological disorder that is a
combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. A
psychopath is an individual who does not feel guilt or show remorse for harming
others; lacks empathy for the suffering of others; is deceptive and manipulative,
and is impulsive and irresponsible. Research shows that psychopathy is related to
neurological deficits.
Most stranger homicides occur in the aftermath of a common-law crime,
such as break and enter or robbery. However, stranger homicides take
various forms. In 2013, Statistics Canada reported the lowest rate of
stranger homicide in over 40 years with only 13 percent of victims killed by
someone they did not know.102
Imply that people systematically learn techniques that allow them to be active,
successful criminals. However, learning theories fail to adequately explain
spontaneous, wanton acts of violence, damage, and other expressive crimes that
appear to have little utility or purpose.
Don't know?
2 of 43
Definition
- The other perspective is sociology of law. It advocates the idea
that law is an outcome of social forces, that it is a predicate or effect
of society. This is an externalist perspective. It emphasizes how laws
are created and utilized. There is no one sociology of law. The
sociologies of law reflect the various theoretical traditions in the
discipline.
,- Marxist theories are based on the philosophy of historical
materialism. Marx and Engels were greatly influenced by the ideas
of the German philosopher Georg Wilhelp Friedrich Hegel. Hegel
believed in the dialectical nature of history, that history was
undergoing constant change, and societies were succeeding one
another as the underlying spirit of humanity realized its inherent
potential.
Give this one a try later!
What is the difference between "jurisprudence" and "the sociology of law"?
Illustrate the different concerns to which each concept refers with reference to
examples. Identify proponents associated with each idea. How do these fields
relate to the "justice" model versus the "crime control" model of criminal law?
Jurisprudence:
What is the difference between "jurisprudence" and "the sociology of law"?
Illustrate the different concerns to which each concept refers with
reference to examples. Identify proponents associated with each idea.
How do these fields relate to the "justice" model versus the "crime control"
model of criminal law?
Sociology Of Law:
What are "the stubborn particulars" of empirical criminology? How can they be
explained by realist theories such as strain theory or control theory, and relativist
theories such as labeling theory and cultural transmission theory?
The Exposure of Minorities to Criminalization
, What are the different assumptions behind the classical versus the positivist
schools of criminology? Identify major proponents of each perspective, and the
basis for their differing approaches to the study of crime. Contrast the
approaches to crime control from a strictly classical perspective and the
approaches from a positivist perspective.
Classical School:
Don't know?
3 of 43
Term
What are three major perspectives that have been identified under
the concept of “realist” theories of crime? What makes them realist?
Who are the major proponents? How do these theories explain
crime, and how do they differ from one another?
Regulation:
Give this one a try later!
Lombroso created a deterministic approach to the explanation of crime through
his concept of atavism, the idea that criminals were biologically regressive or
primitive expressions of lower orders of evolution. The first person to test this
idea was Charles Goring. Goring undertook multiple measures of the physical
anatomy and craniology of inmates in English prisons, with specific interest in any
physical anomalies among the inmates. He found none. However, he did find that
the inmates were shorted in stature and lighter in weight than the control
population (uni students). The latter may have been a function of the prison food.
The former may have been a condition that made it easier for the constabulary to
outrun and apprehend these individuals, but there was no evidence of any
biological deficiency or peculiarities among the inmates. With the development
of genetics in the 1950s, researchers looked for anomalies in the genetic makeup
of serious offenders.
Correct
Incorrect
Your answers
1 of 43
Term
Forms of homicide
Stranger Homicides:
Give this one a try later!
Criminologists recognize the critical role of the victim in the criminal process and
that the victim's behaviour is often a key determinant of crime.27 Victimology
includes the following areas of interest:
• Using victim surveys to measure the nature and extent of criminal behaviour
and calculate the actual costs of crime to victims
• Calculating probabilities of victimization risk
• Studying victim culpability in the precipitation of crime
, • Designing services for crime victims, such as counselling, compensation, and
restorative justice programs
• Victimology has taken on greater importance as more criminologists focus
attention on the victim's role in the criminal event.
Psychologists believe that psychopathy is a psychological disorder that is a
combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. A
psychopath is an individual who does not feel guilt or show remorse for harming
others; lacks empathy for the suffering of others; is deceptive and manipulative,
and is impulsive and irresponsible. Research shows that psychopathy is related to
neurological deficits.
Most stranger homicides occur in the aftermath of a common-law crime,
such as break and enter or robbery. However, stranger homicides take
various forms. In 2013, Statistics Canada reported the lowest rate of
stranger homicide in over 40 years with only 13 percent of victims killed by
someone they did not know.102
Imply that people systematically learn techniques that allow them to be active,
successful criminals. However, learning theories fail to adequately explain
spontaneous, wanton acts of violence, damage, and other expressive crimes that
appear to have little utility or purpose.
Don't know?
2 of 43
Definition
- The other perspective is sociology of law. It advocates the idea
that law is an outcome of social forces, that it is a predicate or effect
of society. This is an externalist perspective. It emphasizes how laws
are created and utilized. There is no one sociology of law. The
sociologies of law reflect the various theoretical traditions in the
discipline.
,- Marxist theories are based on the philosophy of historical
materialism. Marx and Engels were greatly influenced by the ideas
of the German philosopher Georg Wilhelp Friedrich Hegel. Hegel
believed in the dialectical nature of history, that history was
undergoing constant change, and societies were succeeding one
another as the underlying spirit of humanity realized its inherent
potential.
Give this one a try later!
What is the difference between "jurisprudence" and "the sociology of law"?
Illustrate the different concerns to which each concept refers with reference to
examples. Identify proponents associated with each idea. How do these fields
relate to the "justice" model versus the "crime control" model of criminal law?
Jurisprudence:
What is the difference between "jurisprudence" and "the sociology of law"?
Illustrate the different concerns to which each concept refers with
reference to examples. Identify proponents associated with each idea.
How do these fields relate to the "justice" model versus the "crime control"
model of criminal law?
Sociology Of Law:
What are "the stubborn particulars" of empirical criminology? How can they be
explained by realist theories such as strain theory or control theory, and relativist
theories such as labeling theory and cultural transmission theory?
The Exposure of Minorities to Criminalization
, What are the different assumptions behind the classical versus the positivist
schools of criminology? Identify major proponents of each perspective, and the
basis for their differing approaches to the study of crime. Contrast the
approaches to crime control from a strictly classical perspective and the
approaches from a positivist perspective.
Classical School:
Don't know?
3 of 43
Term
What are three major perspectives that have been identified under
the concept of “realist” theories of crime? What makes them realist?
Who are the major proponents? How do these theories explain
crime, and how do they differ from one another?
Regulation:
Give this one a try later!
Lombroso created a deterministic approach to the explanation of crime through
his concept of atavism, the idea that criminals were biologically regressive or
primitive expressions of lower orders of evolution. The first person to test this
idea was Charles Goring. Goring undertook multiple measures of the physical
anatomy and craniology of inmates in English prisons, with specific interest in any
physical anomalies among the inmates. He found none. However, he did find that
the inmates were shorted in stature and lighter in weight than the control
population (uni students). The latter may have been a function of the prison food.
The former may have been a condition that made it easier for the constabulary to
outrun and apprehend these individuals, but there was no evidence of any
biological deficiency or peculiarities among the inmates. With the development
of genetics in the 1950s, researchers looked for anomalies in the genetic makeup
of serious offenders.
