Bio 140 Final Exam
What are the steps in the scientific method? - -exploration and discovery
-testing ideas
-community analysis and feedback
-benefits and outcomes
The human body consist mainly of what elements? - oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
What is the central dogma? - DNA -> RNA -> Protein
When simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules, the entropy
inside the cell . - decreases
When energy is released as heat, what happens to the entropy? - the entropy increases
What two elements make up 99% of matter? - hydrogen and helium
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - energy can neither be created nor destroyed;
it can only be transformed from one form to another
What is the second law of thermodynamics? - the degree of disorder in the universe
tends to increase
The amount of disorder in a system is the of the system. - entropy
What is the main difference xbetween xEukaryotes xand xProkaryotes? x- xprokaryotes xdo
xnotxhave xa xnucleus
Define xmetabolism x- xchemical xreactions xby xwhich xcells xconvert xenergy xfrom xone
xform xtoxanother xand xbuild xand xbreakdown xmolecules
What xis xan xion? x- xa xcharged xatom
Loss xof xan xelectron xis xa x- xcation
Gain xof xan xelectron xis xa x- xanion
What xmakes xup xa xmass xnumber? x- xprotons xand xneutrons
The xfurther xthe xelectrons xare xfrom xthe xnucleus xof xan xatom xthe stable
xtheyxare x- xless xstable
Carbon xhas xhow xmany xvalence xelectrons? x- x4
What xis xunique xabout xthe xrows xof xthe xperiodic xtable? x- xthey xhave xthe xsame
xnumber xofxshells xand xorbitals
,Bio 140 Final Exam
What xis xunique xabout xthe xcolumns xof xthe xperiodic xtable? x- xsame xnumber xof
xvalencexelectrons
What xare xthe xthree xshapes xcarbon xis xusually xfound xin? x- x-tetrahedron
-pyramidal
-linear
Why xcould xcarbon xform xa xlinear xbond? x- xbecause xthree xcarbon xcould xform xdouble
xbonds
Define xisomer x- xsame xatoms xdifferent xarrangements
Define xcovalent xbonds x- xchemical xbond xthat xinvolves xthe xsharing xof xelectron xpairs
xbetween xatoms
What xis xneeded xto xbreak xa xcovalent xbond? x- xenzyme
Are xnon-covalent xbonds xweak xor xstrong? x- xweak
What xis xneeded xto xbreak xnon-covalent xbonds? x- xheat
What xare xthe xtypes xof xnon-covalent xbonds? x- x-ionic
-hydrogen
What xare xthe xcategories xof xcovalent xbonds? x- x-polar
-non-polar
Does xoxygen xshare xelectrons xequally? x- xno
what xis xthe xpartial xcharge xof xoxygen xin xwater? x- xnegative
What xis xthe xpartial xcharge xof xhydrogen xin xwater? x- xpositive
Finding xelectronegativity x-
Electronengative xatoms xwill xhave xa negative xcharge. x- xpartial
Define xhydrogen xbond x- xweak x"attraction" xbetween xelectronegative xatom
xand xaxhydrogen xbonded xto xan xelectronegative xatom
What xbonds xholds xoxygen xand xhydrogen xtogether xin xa xwater xmolecule? x- xcovalent
xbonds
Define xionic xbond x- xFormed xwhen xelectrons xare xtransferred xfrom xone xatom xto
xanotherxand xfor xions
Define xVan xder xWaals xforces x- xweak xattraction xbetween xatoms xdue xto
xelectronxasymmetries
, Bio 140 Final Exam
What xis xan ximportance xof xVan xder xWaals xforces? x- xhold xfatty xacid xtails xtogether
Is xan xionic xbond xpartial xor xfull xcharge? x- xfull xcharge
Is xa xhydrogen xbond xpartial xor xfull xcharge? x- xpartial
Is xan xVan xder xWall xpartial xor xfull xcharge? x- xpartial
The xmore xacidic, xthe the xPH. x- xlower
The xmore xbasic, xthe the xpH. x- xhigher
pH x=? x- x-log[H+]
pH xand x[H+] xare related. x- xinversely
How xmuch xis xone xmole xof xH+? x- x6.02x10^23 xH+
How xdo xyou xcalculate xthe xdifference xin xH+? x- xdivide xthe xhigher xH+ xby xthe xlower
xH+
What xdo xyou xdo xwhen xyou xdivide xexponents? x- xsubtract xthem
What xis xthe xequation xto xmake xcarbonic xacid? x- xCO2 x(aqueous) x+ xH2O x↔ xH2CO3
Hydrophobic xmolecules xare xalways x- xnonpolar
Define xpeptide xbond x- xwhen xthe xcarbon xof xa xcarboxyl xgroup xof xone xamino xacid
xis xjoinedxto xa xnitrogen xatom xof xanother xamino xgroup
What xare xthe xtypes xof xpyrimidine? x- xcytosine, xthymine, xand xuracil
What xare xthe xtypes xof xpurine? x- xguanine xand xadenine
What xmakes xa xlipid xsaturated? x- xdoes xnot xcontain xdouble xbonds
What xmakes xa xlipid xunsaturated? x- xcarbon-carbon xdouble xbonds
What xis xa xnucleotide xmade xof? x- x-phosphate xgroup
-deoxyribose xsugar
-nitrogenous xbase
What xis xa xnucleoside? x- xsugar xand xbase xcombination
DNA xhas xa xnet charge x- xnegative
What are the steps in the scientific method? - -exploration and discovery
-testing ideas
-community analysis and feedback
-benefits and outcomes
The human body consist mainly of what elements? - oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
What is the central dogma? - DNA -> RNA -> Protein
When simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules, the entropy
inside the cell . - decreases
When energy is released as heat, what happens to the entropy? - the entropy increases
What two elements make up 99% of matter? - hydrogen and helium
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - energy can neither be created nor destroyed;
it can only be transformed from one form to another
What is the second law of thermodynamics? - the degree of disorder in the universe
tends to increase
The amount of disorder in a system is the of the system. - entropy
What is the main difference xbetween xEukaryotes xand xProkaryotes? x- xprokaryotes xdo
xnotxhave xa xnucleus
Define xmetabolism x- xchemical xreactions xby xwhich xcells xconvert xenergy xfrom xone
xform xtoxanother xand xbuild xand xbreakdown xmolecules
What xis xan xion? x- xa xcharged xatom
Loss xof xan xelectron xis xa x- xcation
Gain xof xan xelectron xis xa x- xanion
What xmakes xup xa xmass xnumber? x- xprotons xand xneutrons
The xfurther xthe xelectrons xare xfrom xthe xnucleus xof xan xatom xthe stable
xtheyxare x- xless xstable
Carbon xhas xhow xmany xvalence xelectrons? x- x4
What xis xunique xabout xthe xrows xof xthe xperiodic xtable? x- xthey xhave xthe xsame
xnumber xofxshells xand xorbitals
,Bio 140 Final Exam
What xis xunique xabout xthe xcolumns xof xthe xperiodic xtable? x- xsame xnumber xof
xvalencexelectrons
What xare xthe xthree xshapes xcarbon xis xusually xfound xin? x- x-tetrahedron
-pyramidal
-linear
Why xcould xcarbon xform xa xlinear xbond? x- xbecause xthree xcarbon xcould xform xdouble
xbonds
Define xisomer x- xsame xatoms xdifferent xarrangements
Define xcovalent xbonds x- xchemical xbond xthat xinvolves xthe xsharing xof xelectron xpairs
xbetween xatoms
What xis xneeded xto xbreak xa xcovalent xbond? x- xenzyme
Are xnon-covalent xbonds xweak xor xstrong? x- xweak
What xis xneeded xto xbreak xnon-covalent xbonds? x- xheat
What xare xthe xtypes xof xnon-covalent xbonds? x- x-ionic
-hydrogen
What xare xthe xcategories xof xcovalent xbonds? x- x-polar
-non-polar
Does xoxygen xshare xelectrons xequally? x- xno
what xis xthe xpartial xcharge xof xoxygen xin xwater? x- xnegative
What xis xthe xpartial xcharge xof xhydrogen xin xwater? x- xpositive
Finding xelectronegativity x-
Electronengative xatoms xwill xhave xa negative xcharge. x- xpartial
Define xhydrogen xbond x- xweak x"attraction" xbetween xelectronegative xatom
xand xaxhydrogen xbonded xto xan xelectronegative xatom
What xbonds xholds xoxygen xand xhydrogen xtogether xin xa xwater xmolecule? x- xcovalent
xbonds
Define xionic xbond x- xFormed xwhen xelectrons xare xtransferred xfrom xone xatom xto
xanotherxand xfor xions
Define xVan xder xWaals xforces x- xweak xattraction xbetween xatoms xdue xto
xelectronxasymmetries
, Bio 140 Final Exam
What xis xan ximportance xof xVan xder xWaals xforces? x- xhold xfatty xacid xtails xtogether
Is xan xionic xbond xpartial xor xfull xcharge? x- xfull xcharge
Is xa xhydrogen xbond xpartial xor xfull xcharge? x- xpartial
Is xan xVan xder xWall xpartial xor xfull xcharge? x- xpartial
The xmore xacidic, xthe the xPH. x- xlower
The xmore xbasic, xthe the xpH. x- xhigher
pH x=? x- x-log[H+]
pH xand x[H+] xare related. x- xinversely
How xmuch xis xone xmole xof xH+? x- x6.02x10^23 xH+
How xdo xyou xcalculate xthe xdifference xin xH+? x- xdivide xthe xhigher xH+ xby xthe xlower
xH+
What xdo xyou xdo xwhen xyou xdivide xexponents? x- xsubtract xthem
What xis xthe xequation xto xmake xcarbonic xacid? x- xCO2 x(aqueous) x+ xH2O x↔ xH2CO3
Hydrophobic xmolecules xare xalways x- xnonpolar
Define xpeptide xbond x- xwhen xthe xcarbon xof xa xcarboxyl xgroup xof xone xamino xacid
xis xjoinedxto xa xnitrogen xatom xof xanother xamino xgroup
What xare xthe xtypes xof xpyrimidine? x- xcytosine, xthymine, xand xuracil
What xare xthe xtypes xof xpurine? x- xguanine xand xadenine
What xmakes xa xlipid xsaturated? x- xdoes xnot xcontain xdouble xbonds
What xmakes xa xlipid xunsaturated? x- xcarbon-carbon xdouble xbonds
What xis xa xnucleotide xmade xof? x- x-phosphate xgroup
-deoxyribose xsugar
-nitrogenous xbase
What xis xa xnucleoside? x- xsugar xand xbase xcombination
DNA xhas xa xnet charge x- xnegative
