Casey et a exam with 100% verified guaranteed answers pass at first attempt.

background -marsh mellow test - correct answers Mitchel investigated the ability to defer gratification - able to resist temptation. he used 'marshmallow test' to test temptation. -studied 300 between 4-6, child seated at table in the room with a researcher.. -researcher offered the child one marshmallow but could have 2 if they waited 15 minutes. -reacher left the room and returned after 15 mins. 2/3 of the children had eaten the marshmallow. background - brain regions - correct answers-indicated that the inferior frontal gyrus in the prefrontal cortex is involved in resolving interference in no/go tasks. -emotional Brian regions associated with more choice and rewards. background - testing adults - correct answerswhat counts as 'alluring stimuli' changes with age, they can control not eating a marshmallow but have to use cognitive control not ask where you press a Botton when given a 'go' instructor but refrain from pressing if the instruction is 'nogo' aims - correct answers-aimed to see if the ability to delayer or not was a consistent personality trait. -Also a follow on study to see if the ability to delay gratification in childhood predicts impulse control later in life. method - design - correct answers-longitudinal study, over 40 years. -two quasi experiments. -IV was weather participants were low delayers or high delayers. sample - correct answers-participants selected form a pool of people initially tested on delayed gratification when they were aged 4-6, and tested again in their 20s,30s and 40s. -experiment 1; 59 participants were selected whose self control abilities were consistent in all 3 previous assessments. -experiment 2; 27 of the participants in experiment 1 agreed to take part in the study of brain activity. one participants excluded (26 participants) materials/apparatus - correct answers-social stimuli used, people faces displaying emotion (drawn from nimstim set of facial characteristics) -two sets of male and female faces used(neutral faces and emotional faces) -experiment 1; tested participants using pre-programmed laptop sent to participants home. -experiment 2; involved the use of fMRI scanner to asses Brian activity. procedure - experiment 1 - correct answers1. particpants tested by a laptop with pre loaded software, sent to heir home. 2. participants had to undergo go/nogo task. they were presented with target eg female face photograph. they were then shown on each trail a female or male photograph. participants instructed to press a bottom if photograph matched large (go task) and resist action if the photograph didn't match (nogo task). 3. participants asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible. s show for 500 milliseconds and there was 1 second between each photo. 5. total of 160 trails were presented pre run in random order 6. each participant took part in two 'runs' a hot and a Cool version. in hot version participants saw faces with emotional expression and second run faces neutral. procedure -experiment 2 - correct answers-only the hot version was run, there was 70 go and 26 no go trails for each expression. -a Brain scan was used to asses brain activity while participants engaged in this task using instructions and stimuli exactly the same as experiment 1. results - experiment 1 - correct answers1. participants who had been able to delay gratification as a child, had a greater ability to suppress impulse control as an adult. 2. on nogo trails low delayers preformed less well than the high delayers on the hot tasks. (mean false alarm - 12% for hot task, 10% for cool task) 3. no significant difference between high and low delayers in terms of reaction time. results -experiment 2 - correct answers1. greater activation of the right inferior frontal Cortex when participants correctly inhibited a response on a nogo trial. 2. on nogo trails low delayers had reduced activity in the right inferior frontal cortex. Conclusion - correct answers-consistency over time in an individuals ability to regulate behaviour, those who delayed gratification as a child, continued to do so as an adult. -important implications for cognitive control, eg related to addiction. practical applications - correct answers- understand the specific problems that can arise from brain damage affecting different areas of the brain. -used to help understand why some people are better able to control their impulses compared to others, which could be used to understand violent criminals. - suggests that not only are differences in brain areas important to the capacity to resist temptation in order to gain longer-term rewards, but that contextual cures also affect our ability to delay gratification. link to key theme? (delayed gratification) - correct answers- investigated the role the brain plays in delayed gratification. -ability to delay gratification is a stable characteristic over time, from childhood to adulthood, with low delayers have high levels of activity in the ventral straitum and low levels of activity in the inferior frontal gyrus which explained their poor reactions times to the go/no-go task. -shows that our ability to delay gratification is governed by our brain structure, which is an example of localisation of function; the idea that certain functions (e.g. language, memory, etc.) have certain locations or areas within the brain. link to area - correct answersThe biological area believes behaviour is caused by our biological make-up. -Casey looked at the role the brain plays in delayed gratification. -found that ability to delay gratification is a stable characteristic over time, from childhood to adulthood, with low delayers have high levels of activity in the ventral straitum and low levels of activity in the inferior frontal gyrus which explained their poor reactions times to the go/no-go task. -ability to delay gratification is governed by our brain structure. research method- strength - correct answers-quasi-experiment permits researchers to study aspects of behaviour that cannot be manipulated -uses; teaches people how to exert better control research method - weakness - correct answers-not randomly allocated to conditions and therefore there may be extraneous variables (certain personality variables- ability to focus) -longitudinals study; participants inevitably drop out of the study, create bias sample. sampling bias - strength - correct answersopportunity sample; easy to get a very large sample of children. sampling bias - weakness - correct answersThe American bias, ability of delayed gratification may be less important in collectivist groups (work unitley to achieve goals) -not generalisable to other cultures type of data - correct answers-experiment one is quantitive; reaction times / percentage of false alarms were calculated. -quick comparisons to be made between low and high delayers -experiment 2 include information from FMRI scans. ethnocentrism - correct answers-western orientation; focused on the needs of the individual. -More collectivist societies focus on the needs of the group reliability - correct answers-high pixel quality. -standardised. ethical considerations - correct answers-loss of self-esteem (psychological harm); told higher risk for a number of physical and mental health vulnerabilities in middle age. -participants were initially four years old and would not have provided consent. -se of a FMRI raises ethical issues of physical harm as it is an unpleasant experience (noisy and claustrophobic)