NR 283 Pathophysiology
Exam 1 Concepts to Review
Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 3
8 functions of cells
o Movement – muscle cells generate force to produce motion
o Conductivity – As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief
function of nerve cells
o Metabolic Absorption – take in and use nutrients
o Secretion – with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be
secreted elsewhere o Excretion – Rid themselves of waste
products
o Respiration – Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy o
Reproduction – New cells produced to replace those lost
o Communication – vital for cells to survive as a society (think
Osmosis Jones movie)
ATP
• ATP or adenosine triphosphate plays a major role in that
• ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energy for the
functioning of our cells
• Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules,
muscle contractions, and active transport
Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of
the cell’s ATP or energy.
Cellular metabolism
There are 2 parts to metabolism:
• Anabolism
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review
, • The energy using process
• Catabolism
• The energy releasing process
Ribosomes
Ways of cellular communication
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for
this…
Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
(know examples, pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)
Reversible/irreversible injury
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis (“dropping of”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs
from necrosis in several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-
destruction called programmed cell death and is implicated in both normal and
pathologic tissue changes
Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis.
Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of
cellular self-digestion, known as autodigestion or autolysis
Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry
gangrene, wet gangrene caseous)
Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks
and wrinkles.
Wet gangrene: Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor
production
Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands;
commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused
by chemical injury, especially ingestion of mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result
of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a
gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state .The area of coagulative
necrosis is called an infarct.
Types of cells
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review
Exam 1 Concepts to Review
Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 3
8 functions of cells
o Movement – muscle cells generate force to produce motion
o Conductivity – As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief
function of nerve cells
o Metabolic Absorption – take in and use nutrients
o Secretion – with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be
secreted elsewhere o Excretion – Rid themselves of waste
products
o Respiration – Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy o
Reproduction – New cells produced to replace those lost
o Communication – vital for cells to survive as a society (think
Osmosis Jones movie)
ATP
• ATP or adenosine triphosphate plays a major role in that
• ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energy for the
functioning of our cells
• Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules,
muscle contractions, and active transport
Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of
the cell’s ATP or energy.
Cellular metabolism
There are 2 parts to metabolism:
• Anabolism
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review
, • The energy using process
• Catabolism
• The energy releasing process
Ribosomes
Ways of cellular communication
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for
this…
Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
(know examples, pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)
Reversible/irreversible injury
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis (“dropping of”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs
from necrosis in several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-
destruction called programmed cell death and is implicated in both normal and
pathologic tissue changes
Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis.
Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of
cellular self-digestion, known as autodigestion or autolysis
Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry
gangrene, wet gangrene caseous)
Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks
and wrinkles.
Wet gangrene: Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor
production
Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands;
commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused
by chemical injury, especially ingestion of mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result
of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a
gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state .The area of coagulative
necrosis is called an infarct.
Types of cells
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review
