VIBS 243 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
function of immune system - Answers protection against foreign invaders/pathogens
immune responses can be against - Answers microorganisms, tumor cells, allergic reactions,
autoimmune, graft/transplant
innate immunity - Answers first line of defense, ex) skin, neutrophils
acquired immunity - Answers requires exposure to antigens
antigens - Answers molecular structure present on the outside of cells, viruses, and bacteria
epitope - Answers part of the antigen to which an antibody attaches
macrophages - Answers large, oval to rounded nucleus, abundant cytoplasm;
monocytes that have left the blood and gone into tissues; found in organs such as lymph nodes,
intestines, and wandering in connective tissues
mast cells - Answers purple cytoplasmic granules, central nucleus; tissue bound, release
granules filled with histamine; allergy symptoms, inflammation
plasma cells (B lymphocytes) - Answers activated by antigens, B cells differentiate into plasma
cells; produce antibodies
Lymphatic system organs - Answers lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
lymphatic system tissues - Answers solitary lymph nodules- found in intestinal tracts and
mucosal regions
capsule - Answers collagenous connective tissue, extensions called trabecular
cortex - Answers lymphatic nodules, diffuse lymphoid tissue
lymphatic nodules - Answers B-lymphocytes
diffuse lymphoid tissue - Answers T-lymphocytes
paracortex - Answers area where lymphocytes can leave the bloodstream to enter the lymph
node
medullary cords - Answers mainly lymphocytes
medullary sinuses - Answers lined by endothelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils
and reticular cells
, flow of lymph fluid through lymph node - Answers afferent lymphatics -> sub capsular sinus ->
trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus -> efferent lymphatics
production of new antigens - Answers lymph nodes enlarge, increase of B lymphocytes in the
nodules, B lymphocytes leave nodules and differentiate into plasma cells, increase in plasma
cells in the medullary cords
primary nodules - Answers no antigen stimulation; small adult lymphocytes have darkly stained
nuclei
secondary nodule - Answers indicates antigenic stimulation; lighter germinal cells, young B-
lymphocytes
Functions of skin - Answers protection, thermoregulation, receives stimuli: temperature, pain,
pressure
stratum spinosum - Answers spiny appearance caused by desmosomes,
stratum granulosum - Answers outermost layer cells are dying cells; contain aggregated
keratohyaline granules
epidermis - Answers keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
strata of skin (top to bottom) - Answers stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
stratum corneum - Answers flat cells that have lost their nuclei, areas of high "wear and tear"
Keratinocytes - Answers main cell type of epidermis; divide by mitosis and differentiate
melanocytes - Answers located in stratum basale; produce melanin that responds to UV light to
protect the DNA of living cells
cytocrine secretion - Answers pass melanin granules from melanocytes to keratinocytes
basal cell carcinoma - Answers pearly/waxy bump or flat brown lesion; most easily treated form
of skin cancer
squamous cell carcinoma - Answers firm red pimple/nodule or scaly patch
melanoma - Answers existing moles that bleed, itch, or change shape/color; most serious form
function of immune system - Answers protection against foreign invaders/pathogens
immune responses can be against - Answers microorganisms, tumor cells, allergic reactions,
autoimmune, graft/transplant
innate immunity - Answers first line of defense, ex) skin, neutrophils
acquired immunity - Answers requires exposure to antigens
antigens - Answers molecular structure present on the outside of cells, viruses, and bacteria
epitope - Answers part of the antigen to which an antibody attaches
macrophages - Answers large, oval to rounded nucleus, abundant cytoplasm;
monocytes that have left the blood and gone into tissues; found in organs such as lymph nodes,
intestines, and wandering in connective tissues
mast cells - Answers purple cytoplasmic granules, central nucleus; tissue bound, release
granules filled with histamine; allergy symptoms, inflammation
plasma cells (B lymphocytes) - Answers activated by antigens, B cells differentiate into plasma
cells; produce antibodies
Lymphatic system organs - Answers lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
lymphatic system tissues - Answers solitary lymph nodules- found in intestinal tracts and
mucosal regions
capsule - Answers collagenous connective tissue, extensions called trabecular
cortex - Answers lymphatic nodules, diffuse lymphoid tissue
lymphatic nodules - Answers B-lymphocytes
diffuse lymphoid tissue - Answers T-lymphocytes
paracortex - Answers area where lymphocytes can leave the bloodstream to enter the lymph
node
medullary cords - Answers mainly lymphocytes
medullary sinuses - Answers lined by endothelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils
and reticular cells
, flow of lymph fluid through lymph node - Answers afferent lymphatics -> sub capsular sinus ->
trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus -> efferent lymphatics
production of new antigens - Answers lymph nodes enlarge, increase of B lymphocytes in the
nodules, B lymphocytes leave nodules and differentiate into plasma cells, increase in plasma
cells in the medullary cords
primary nodules - Answers no antigen stimulation; small adult lymphocytes have darkly stained
nuclei
secondary nodule - Answers indicates antigenic stimulation; lighter germinal cells, young B-
lymphocytes
Functions of skin - Answers protection, thermoregulation, receives stimuli: temperature, pain,
pressure
stratum spinosum - Answers spiny appearance caused by desmosomes,
stratum granulosum - Answers outermost layer cells are dying cells; contain aggregated
keratohyaline granules
epidermis - Answers keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
strata of skin (top to bottom) - Answers stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
stratum corneum - Answers flat cells that have lost their nuclei, areas of high "wear and tear"
Keratinocytes - Answers main cell type of epidermis; divide by mitosis and differentiate
melanocytes - Answers located in stratum basale; produce melanin that responds to UV light to
protect the DNA of living cells
cytocrine secretion - Answers pass melanin granules from melanocytes to keratinocytes
basal cell carcinoma - Answers pearly/waxy bump or flat brown lesion; most easily treated form
of skin cancer
squamous cell carcinoma - Answers firm red pimple/nodule or scaly patch
melanoma - Answers existing moles that bleed, itch, or change shape/color; most serious form
