CVP Exam 1- Pathophysiology of
Cardiac disease With Exact
Solutions | Latest 2025-2026
______ pressure in the aorta
______ pressure in the vena cava - Correct Answer--highest
-lowest
Dilation=______ pressure
Constriction=______ pressure - Correct Answer--decreased
-increased
Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction - Correct Answer-
Stroke volume (EDV-ESV)
What is preload? - Correct Answer-The degree the heart muscle can stretch before
contraction (most important factor is venous return)
What is contractility? - Correct Answer-contractile strength achieved at a certain muscle
length
What is afterload? - Correct Answer-back pressure exerted by the arterial blood on the
aortic and pulmonary valves (ventricles must overcome pressure to eject blood)
What is cardiac output? - Correct Answer-Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in
a given period of time
What is hypertension defined as - Correct Answer-BP chronically over 130/80
Primary: occurs without evidence of other disease
Secondary: elevation of BP that results from another disorder
What drugs are used in the medical management of HTN? - Correct Answer-Diuretics-
lower volume
Vasodilators-decrease vascular resistance
Other drugs- to protect kidneys
What is a PT's role in the treatment of hypertension? - Correct Answer-Increase patients
adherence to lifestyle changes that reduce blood pressure (and the reliance on
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, medications), changing exercise and diet behaviors, providing challenges to increase
exercise goals over time
What cardiac pathology is described as: Crushing, pressure, squeezing, tightness which
can occur inthe chest, shoulders, jaw, teeth, between the scapula• Cause by imbalance
of oxygen supply and oxygen demand:myocardial oxygen demand exceeds oxygen
supply - Correct Answer-Angina
What is stable angina? - Correct Answer--Occurs with regularity• -Usually at given
level of activity•
- Usually in the same place
• Usually relieved in same way
What is unstable angina? - Correct Answer-• Not predictable
• Occurs with different activities and in different physicalpresentation
• Not relieved by usual methods (rest, nitroglycerin)
• Higher mortality and morbidity rate than stable angina
What cardiac pathology is described as: Disease in which the inside of an artery
narrows due to the buildup of plaques made of lipid and thrombus and the
development is different among individuals - Correct Answer-Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis symptoms - Correct Answer-Chest pain, angina, pain in leg, arm, or
anywhere with bloked artery, SOB, fatigue, confusion, muscle weakness due to lack of
circulation
Definition of Coronary Artery Disease - Correct Answer-Presence of an obstruction that
limits coronary blood but does not significantly inhibit heart muscle function
Definition of Coronary Heart disease - Correct Answer-Presence of an obstruction that
causes permanent damage to heart muscle fibers downstream inhibiting heart muscle
function
Coronary blood flow is reduced by
• Narrowing of coronary arteries due toatherosclerosis
• Spasm of coronary arteries by vasoconstrictors
• Sudden increase in cardiac demand
• Chronic increase in cardiac demand
What is this pathology? - Correct Answer-Myocardial ischemia and infarction
Difference between ischemia and infarction - Correct Answer--Ischemia results in
typical or atypical chest pain, and is reversible (angina)• -Infarction results from
prolonged ischemia, and is not reversible
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Cardiac disease With Exact
Solutions | Latest 2025-2026
______ pressure in the aorta
______ pressure in the vena cava - Correct Answer--highest
-lowest
Dilation=______ pressure
Constriction=______ pressure - Correct Answer--decreased
-increased
Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction - Correct Answer-
Stroke volume (EDV-ESV)
What is preload? - Correct Answer-The degree the heart muscle can stretch before
contraction (most important factor is venous return)
What is contractility? - Correct Answer-contractile strength achieved at a certain muscle
length
What is afterload? - Correct Answer-back pressure exerted by the arterial blood on the
aortic and pulmonary valves (ventricles must overcome pressure to eject blood)
What is cardiac output? - Correct Answer-Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in
a given period of time
What is hypertension defined as - Correct Answer-BP chronically over 130/80
Primary: occurs without evidence of other disease
Secondary: elevation of BP that results from another disorder
What drugs are used in the medical management of HTN? - Correct Answer-Diuretics-
lower volume
Vasodilators-decrease vascular resistance
Other drugs- to protect kidneys
What is a PT's role in the treatment of hypertension? - Correct Answer-Increase patients
adherence to lifestyle changes that reduce blood pressure (and the reliance on
1|Page
, medications), changing exercise and diet behaviors, providing challenges to increase
exercise goals over time
What cardiac pathology is described as: Crushing, pressure, squeezing, tightness which
can occur inthe chest, shoulders, jaw, teeth, between the scapula• Cause by imbalance
of oxygen supply and oxygen demand:myocardial oxygen demand exceeds oxygen
supply - Correct Answer-Angina
What is stable angina? - Correct Answer--Occurs with regularity• -Usually at given
level of activity•
- Usually in the same place
• Usually relieved in same way
What is unstable angina? - Correct Answer-• Not predictable
• Occurs with different activities and in different physicalpresentation
• Not relieved by usual methods (rest, nitroglycerin)
• Higher mortality and morbidity rate than stable angina
What cardiac pathology is described as: Disease in which the inside of an artery
narrows due to the buildup of plaques made of lipid and thrombus and the
development is different among individuals - Correct Answer-Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis symptoms - Correct Answer-Chest pain, angina, pain in leg, arm, or
anywhere with bloked artery, SOB, fatigue, confusion, muscle weakness due to lack of
circulation
Definition of Coronary Artery Disease - Correct Answer-Presence of an obstruction that
limits coronary blood but does not significantly inhibit heart muscle function
Definition of Coronary Heart disease - Correct Answer-Presence of an obstruction that
causes permanent damage to heart muscle fibers downstream inhibiting heart muscle
function
Coronary blood flow is reduced by
• Narrowing of coronary arteries due toatherosclerosis
• Spasm of coronary arteries by vasoconstrictors
• Sudden increase in cardiac demand
• Chronic increase in cardiac demand
What is this pathology? - Correct Answer-Myocardial ischemia and infarction
Difference between ischemia and infarction - Correct Answer--Ischemia results in
typical or atypical chest pain, and is reversible (angina)• -Infarction results from
prolonged ischemia, and is not reversible
2|Page
