UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
You perform an abdominal ultrasound to evaluate a Yorkshire Terrier with a suspected liver
shunt. After finding the shunt vessel, you complete the ultrasound and find several calculi in
the bladder. What is the most likely type of stone?
Cysteine
Struvite
Urate
Xanthine - ANSWER The correct answer is urate. Animals with portosystemic shunts
are very predisposed to developing urate uroliths due to their inability to metabolize purines
appropriately.
A 2-year old male castrated Border Collie presents for a 1-week history of small bowel
diarrhea. A fecal flotation shows numerous Giardia cysts. What is the treatment of choice for
this dog?
Ipronidazole
Metronidazole
Decoquinate
Albendazole - ANSWER Metronidazole
Black walnut toxicity causes what condition in horses?
Laminitis
1
,Hypersalivation
Renal failure
Pulmonary edema - ANSWER The correct answer is laminitis. Although the specific
toxic principle in black walnuts responsible for causing laminitis or acute lameness in horses
is unknown, evidence suggests juglone (a napthaquinone) plays a role. Do not use black
walnuts for horse bedding.
Which of these would be appropriate for a horse with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
(HYPP)?
Brome hay
Timothy hay
Alfalfa hay
Beet molasses - ANSWER The correct answer is timothy hay. Of these choices, the only
feed with low potassium is timothy hay. A low potassium diet is the most important
nutritional modification in the treatment of HYPP. Regular exercise and feeding smaller,
frequent meals can also reduce clinical signs. This disease is inherited in an autosomal
dominant fashion, and owners should be discouraged from breeding affected animals.
A 16-year old budgerigar presents with progressive unilateral paresis of the right leg (see
image). There is normal flexion and extension of the hip joint with decreased flexion,
extension, and sensation below the knee. The remainder of your skeletal and neurologic
examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is most likely in this bird?
Intervertebral disc disease
Botulism
Marek's disease
Renal neoplasia
Lead toxicosis - ANSWER The signalment and progressive unilateral paresis are most
suspicious for renal neoplasia of budgerigars. Affected birds develop paresis due to pressure
exerted on the sciatic nerve by a renal tumor. There is typically normal flexion and extension
2
,of the hip joint with decreased flexion, extension, and sensation below the knee as
described here.
Disc disease is uncommon in birds. Lead toxicity can lead to peripheral neuropathy and
paresis but typically there are more multifocal or other accompanying signs such as
polyuria/polydipsia, gastrointestinal signs, wing droop, head tilt, or convulsions. Marek's
disease typically affects younger animals. Botulism typically presents with flaccid paralysis of
the legs, wings, and neck.
Severe combined immunodeficiency is a lethal autosomal recessive trait in Arabian foals.
Heterozygotes are clinically normal. If the heterozygote carrier rate for the genetic mutation
is 8%, what is the expected frequency of Arabian foals that are homozygous for the mutated
allele?
0.064%
0.16%
2%
0.64%
25%
4% - ANSWER You do not need to know anything about the disease in this question in
order to get the correct answer. You are told that the disease is recessive and has a carrier
rate of 8%Because the trait is recessive, homozygotes will be the only individuals affected. In
order for a foal to be born homozygous for the trait, BOTH parents MUST be carriers. The
chances of both parents being carriers is 8% x 8% (or 0.08 x 0.08) = 0.0064 or 0.64%. If both
parents are carriers, the offspring has a 1 in 4 chance of inheriting two mutant alleles (50%
chance for each allele from each parent).Since the chances of both parents being carriers is
0.64% and the chance of having a homozygous offspring in that case is 1 in 4, the overall
expected frequency of diseased foals is 0.0064 x 0.25= 0.0016 or 0.16%.
Which of these drugs should not be used in Greyhounds?
Propofol
Ivermectin
3
, Morphine
Thiopental - ANSWER The correct answer is thiopental. Thiopental is an ultra-short
acting barbiturate. Recovery depends on redistribution to tissues, including fat. Because
sighthounds have very little fat, they have prolonged recoveries and greater complications
with these drugs.
A chicken operation has recently been ravaged by a respiratory disease affecting almost all of
the chickens in the flock. The chickens are coughing and sneezing and many have facial
swelling. You necropsied many of the chickens and found mucoid exudate in the bronchi,
thickened air sacs, and in a few of the chickens, interstitial nephritis was present. Which of
these diseases is likely?
Infectious Bursal Disease
Aspergillus
Fowl Cholera
Infectious Bronchitis - ANSWER The correct answer is infectious bronchitis. This is
caused by a coronavirus. It is spread by aerosol and ingestion and usually affects all exposed
birds. The clinical signs and necropsy findings are as described in the question. The disease
can be clinically indistinguishable from mild forms of Newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis,
and infectious coryza. Virus isolation is needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis.
A 4-year old male castrated Basenji presents for polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Blood
work shows P=2.5 (2.9-5.3 mg/dl), K= 3.1 (3.9-5.1 mEq/L), total CO2= 12 (17-25 mmol/L).
The remainder of the blood work is within normal limits. Urinalysis shows 3+ glucose. Which
of the following is your most likely differential diagnosis?
Pyometra
Fanconi syndrome
Pyelonephritis
Diabetes mellitus - ANSWER The correct answer is Fanconi syndrome. Fanconi
syndrome is an inherited disease in Basenjis. The disease involves renal tubular defects
causing an abnormal loss of electrolytes and solutes leading to hypophosphatemia,
hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. DM is less likely because serum glucose is normal. The
4
You perform an abdominal ultrasound to evaluate a Yorkshire Terrier with a suspected liver
shunt. After finding the shunt vessel, you complete the ultrasound and find several calculi in
the bladder. What is the most likely type of stone?
Cysteine
Struvite
Urate
Xanthine - ANSWER The correct answer is urate. Animals with portosystemic shunts
are very predisposed to developing urate uroliths due to their inability to metabolize purines
appropriately.
A 2-year old male castrated Border Collie presents for a 1-week history of small bowel
diarrhea. A fecal flotation shows numerous Giardia cysts. What is the treatment of choice for
this dog?
Ipronidazole
Metronidazole
Decoquinate
Albendazole - ANSWER Metronidazole
Black walnut toxicity causes what condition in horses?
Laminitis
1
,Hypersalivation
Renal failure
Pulmonary edema - ANSWER The correct answer is laminitis. Although the specific
toxic principle in black walnuts responsible for causing laminitis or acute lameness in horses
is unknown, evidence suggests juglone (a napthaquinone) plays a role. Do not use black
walnuts for horse bedding.
Which of these would be appropriate for a horse with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
(HYPP)?
Brome hay
Timothy hay
Alfalfa hay
Beet molasses - ANSWER The correct answer is timothy hay. Of these choices, the only
feed with low potassium is timothy hay. A low potassium diet is the most important
nutritional modification in the treatment of HYPP. Regular exercise and feeding smaller,
frequent meals can also reduce clinical signs. This disease is inherited in an autosomal
dominant fashion, and owners should be discouraged from breeding affected animals.
A 16-year old budgerigar presents with progressive unilateral paresis of the right leg (see
image). There is normal flexion and extension of the hip joint with decreased flexion,
extension, and sensation below the knee. The remainder of your skeletal and neurologic
examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is most likely in this bird?
Intervertebral disc disease
Botulism
Marek's disease
Renal neoplasia
Lead toxicosis - ANSWER The signalment and progressive unilateral paresis are most
suspicious for renal neoplasia of budgerigars. Affected birds develop paresis due to pressure
exerted on the sciatic nerve by a renal tumor. There is typically normal flexion and extension
2
,of the hip joint with decreased flexion, extension, and sensation below the knee as
described here.
Disc disease is uncommon in birds. Lead toxicity can lead to peripheral neuropathy and
paresis but typically there are more multifocal or other accompanying signs such as
polyuria/polydipsia, gastrointestinal signs, wing droop, head tilt, or convulsions. Marek's
disease typically affects younger animals. Botulism typically presents with flaccid paralysis of
the legs, wings, and neck.
Severe combined immunodeficiency is a lethal autosomal recessive trait in Arabian foals.
Heterozygotes are clinically normal. If the heterozygote carrier rate for the genetic mutation
is 8%, what is the expected frequency of Arabian foals that are homozygous for the mutated
allele?
0.064%
0.16%
2%
0.64%
25%
4% - ANSWER You do not need to know anything about the disease in this question in
order to get the correct answer. You are told that the disease is recessive and has a carrier
rate of 8%Because the trait is recessive, homozygotes will be the only individuals affected. In
order for a foal to be born homozygous for the trait, BOTH parents MUST be carriers. The
chances of both parents being carriers is 8% x 8% (or 0.08 x 0.08) = 0.0064 or 0.64%. If both
parents are carriers, the offspring has a 1 in 4 chance of inheriting two mutant alleles (50%
chance for each allele from each parent).Since the chances of both parents being carriers is
0.64% and the chance of having a homozygous offspring in that case is 1 in 4, the overall
expected frequency of diseased foals is 0.0064 x 0.25= 0.0016 or 0.16%.
Which of these drugs should not be used in Greyhounds?
Propofol
Ivermectin
3
, Morphine
Thiopental - ANSWER The correct answer is thiopental. Thiopental is an ultra-short
acting barbiturate. Recovery depends on redistribution to tissues, including fat. Because
sighthounds have very little fat, they have prolonged recoveries and greater complications
with these drugs.
A chicken operation has recently been ravaged by a respiratory disease affecting almost all of
the chickens in the flock. The chickens are coughing and sneezing and many have facial
swelling. You necropsied many of the chickens and found mucoid exudate in the bronchi,
thickened air sacs, and in a few of the chickens, interstitial nephritis was present. Which of
these diseases is likely?
Infectious Bursal Disease
Aspergillus
Fowl Cholera
Infectious Bronchitis - ANSWER The correct answer is infectious bronchitis. This is
caused by a coronavirus. It is spread by aerosol and ingestion and usually affects all exposed
birds. The clinical signs and necropsy findings are as described in the question. The disease
can be clinically indistinguishable from mild forms of Newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis,
and infectious coryza. Virus isolation is needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis.
A 4-year old male castrated Basenji presents for polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Blood
work shows P=2.5 (2.9-5.3 mg/dl), K= 3.1 (3.9-5.1 mEq/L), total CO2= 12 (17-25 mmol/L).
The remainder of the blood work is within normal limits. Urinalysis shows 3+ glucose. Which
of the following is your most likely differential diagnosis?
Pyometra
Fanconi syndrome
Pyelonephritis
Diabetes mellitus - ANSWER The correct answer is Fanconi syndrome. Fanconi
syndrome is an inherited disease in Basenjis. The disease involves renal tubular defects
causing an abnormal loss of electrolytes and solutes leading to hypophosphatemia,
hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. DM is less likely because serum glucose is normal. The
4
