UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Ammonia Management - ANSWER Ammonium → nitrosomonas → nitrites →
nitrospira → nitrates
Anemia - ANSWER Can be caused by amblyomma ticks on sea turtles
Anesthesia (including ms222) - ANSWER Ms 222 most common anesthetic in fish,
titrated to effect using multiple tanks
Bacterial infections - ANSWER Aeromonas hydrophila, Columnaris, Mycobacteriosis,
Vibriosis, Streptococcosis, and Francisella
Chlorine/chloramine toxicity - ANSWER Chlorine destroys the slime coat of fishes. Due
to excessive chlorine (> 0.003ppm) in the aquarium fishes face stress. Active fishes (Guppy,
Molly) become inactive and hide under rocks or plants. A bright red or pink spot appears in
the fishes' gill. The skin and gill of fish may burn due to chlorine. Fishes suffer to take
breathe also. Symptoms include: considerable restlessness, Leaping out of water, Muscles
tetanus, Spasmic movement of fins, tails and mouth, Lying on one side, Gill filaments and
fins are covered by a grey coating, Skins are covered with a thick layer of mucus, Body
surface becomes pale, The nervous disorder starts with a fish. Toxic levels of chlorine are
>0.003ppm
Copper toxicity - ANSWER Copper is an essential nutrient at low concentrations, but is
toxic to aquatic organisms at higher concentrations. In addition to acute effects such as
mortality, chronic exposure to copper can lead to adverse effects on survival, growth,
reproduction as well as alterations of brain function, enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and
metabolism.
1
, Dissolved oxygen management - ANSWER Oxygen creates water quality conditions
that help neutralize phosphorus and nitrogen — common nutrients that, in excess, can
pollute our valuable water resources. Lakes and ponds with more balanced water quality
conditions are less hospitable to algae and nuisance weed growth. In turn, this prevents the
release of potential algal toxins, limits the development of bottom muck and bad odors, and
supports the proliferation of beneficial microbes, zooplankton, native fish, and other healthy
aquatic life.
Gas supersaturation - ANSWER Exposure to gas supersaturation can have a significant
impact on aquatic animals held in culture systems, resulting in gas bubble trauma (GBT) due
to the formation of gas bubbles in the tissues and vascular system.
Lymphocystis - ANSWER Lymphocystis is a chronic disease of freshwater and marine
fishes caused by infection with an iridovirus known as Lymphocystivirus or Lymphocystis
disease virus (LCDV). Infection results in the development of pebble or wart-like nodules
most commonly seen on the fins, skin, or gills, although other tissues may be affected. The
most obvious sign is the appearance of small to moderate-sized, irregular, nodular, wart-like
growths on the fins, skin, or gills. Lymphocystis is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning
that, in most cases, the lesions will clear up after a few weeks in warmwater fish species. If a
fish has numerous lesions and/or lymphocystis nodules cover a large portion of important
organs (e.g., the gills), there may be some impairment and greater chance of secondary
infections by bacteria, parasites, or fungi that can now more easily infect the fish and help
contribute to mortalities.
Neoplasia (including fibrosarcoma in goldfish) - ANSWER Neoplastic diseases similar to
those found in other animals are found in fish. Their incidence frequently is higher in some
geographic areas and in certain species. Some tumors are genetically mediated, such as the
malignant melanoma of the platy-swordtail cross, and possibly the pseudobranch tumor of
cod, thyroid tumors, malignant lymphosarcoma of northern pike, and fibromas or sarcomas
of goldfish. Liposarcomas have been reported in captive-bred clownfish, and pigmented
tumors of unknown origin have been seen in wild Hawaiian marine butterflyfishes,
Chaetodon miliaris and C multicinctus. Both species are popular in the marine aquarium
hobby. Although the reported incidence of tumors in sharks, skates, and rays is low,
neoplasia does occur.
2
Ammonia Management - ANSWER Ammonium → nitrosomonas → nitrites →
nitrospira → nitrates
Anemia - ANSWER Can be caused by amblyomma ticks on sea turtles
Anesthesia (including ms222) - ANSWER Ms 222 most common anesthetic in fish,
titrated to effect using multiple tanks
Bacterial infections - ANSWER Aeromonas hydrophila, Columnaris, Mycobacteriosis,
Vibriosis, Streptococcosis, and Francisella
Chlorine/chloramine toxicity - ANSWER Chlorine destroys the slime coat of fishes. Due
to excessive chlorine (> 0.003ppm) in the aquarium fishes face stress. Active fishes (Guppy,
Molly) become inactive and hide under rocks or plants. A bright red or pink spot appears in
the fishes' gill. The skin and gill of fish may burn due to chlorine. Fishes suffer to take
breathe also. Symptoms include: considerable restlessness, Leaping out of water, Muscles
tetanus, Spasmic movement of fins, tails and mouth, Lying on one side, Gill filaments and
fins are covered by a grey coating, Skins are covered with a thick layer of mucus, Body
surface becomes pale, The nervous disorder starts with a fish. Toxic levels of chlorine are
>0.003ppm
Copper toxicity - ANSWER Copper is an essential nutrient at low concentrations, but is
toxic to aquatic organisms at higher concentrations. In addition to acute effects such as
mortality, chronic exposure to copper can lead to adverse effects on survival, growth,
reproduction as well as alterations of brain function, enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and
metabolism.
1
, Dissolved oxygen management - ANSWER Oxygen creates water quality conditions
that help neutralize phosphorus and nitrogen — common nutrients that, in excess, can
pollute our valuable water resources. Lakes and ponds with more balanced water quality
conditions are less hospitable to algae and nuisance weed growth. In turn, this prevents the
release of potential algal toxins, limits the development of bottom muck and bad odors, and
supports the proliferation of beneficial microbes, zooplankton, native fish, and other healthy
aquatic life.
Gas supersaturation - ANSWER Exposure to gas supersaturation can have a significant
impact on aquatic animals held in culture systems, resulting in gas bubble trauma (GBT) due
to the formation of gas bubbles in the tissues and vascular system.
Lymphocystis - ANSWER Lymphocystis is a chronic disease of freshwater and marine
fishes caused by infection with an iridovirus known as Lymphocystivirus or Lymphocystis
disease virus (LCDV). Infection results in the development of pebble or wart-like nodules
most commonly seen on the fins, skin, or gills, although other tissues may be affected. The
most obvious sign is the appearance of small to moderate-sized, irregular, nodular, wart-like
growths on the fins, skin, or gills. Lymphocystis is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning
that, in most cases, the lesions will clear up after a few weeks in warmwater fish species. If a
fish has numerous lesions and/or lymphocystis nodules cover a large portion of important
organs (e.g., the gills), there may be some impairment and greater chance of secondary
infections by bacteria, parasites, or fungi that can now more easily infect the fish and help
contribute to mortalities.
Neoplasia (including fibrosarcoma in goldfish) - ANSWER Neoplastic diseases similar to
those found in other animals are found in fish. Their incidence frequently is higher in some
geographic areas and in certain species. Some tumors are genetically mediated, such as the
malignant melanoma of the platy-swordtail cross, and possibly the pseudobranch tumor of
cod, thyroid tumors, malignant lymphosarcoma of northern pike, and fibromas or sarcomas
of goldfish. Liposarcomas have been reported in captive-bred clownfish, and pigmented
tumors of unknown origin have been seen in wild Hawaiian marine butterflyfishes,
Chaetodon miliaris and C multicinctus. Both species are popular in the marine aquarium
hobby. Although the reported incidence of tumors in sharks, skates, and rays is low,
neoplasia does occur.
2
