UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Failure of closure of foramen ovale will lead to what? - ANSWER shunting blood from
left atrium to right atrium
What are the 4 parts of tetralogy of fallot? - ANSWER - dextropositioned aorta
- pulmonic valve stenosis
- ventricular septal defect
- right ventricular hypertrophy
When will you see polycythemia? - ANSWER right sided heart failure or right to left
shunt will lead to hypoxemia
What type of shunt do you not repair? - ANSWER right to left shunting PDA
What valve does valvular endocarditis effect?
in cows
in small animals & horses - ANSWER tricuspid valve in cows
aortic & mitral valve in SA & horses
How do you dx valvular endocarditis? - ANSWER vegetative lesions on heart valves
What are some signs of pericardial effusion? - ANSWER -Causes: hemangiosacroma
1
, - Muffled heart sounds
-pulsus paradoxicus
-electrical alternas
-Rads: Enlarged globoid heart
-Necropy: nutmeg liver
TX: pericardiocentesis
What type of ECG is this? - ANSWER Hyperkalemia/Atrial stand still: No P wave,
increase P-R, Widened QRS, TALL T tented t waves
What type of ECG is this? - ANSWER 1st degree AV block: increased P-R interval & no
dropped QRS
What type ECG is this? & Treatment - ANSWER AV block 2nd degree - Mobitz type 1: P-
R interval progressively gets longer until there is dropped QRS.
TX: Atropine/GP | Horses normal no tx
What type of ECG is this? TX? - ANSWER AV bloc 2nd degree Mobitz type 2: PR
constant, P wave w/out QRS
Tx: atropine/GP | Horses normal no tx
What type of ECG is this? TX? - ANSWER AV block 3rd degree - P wave unassociated
with QRS
TX: pacemaker (chronic) | Catecholamine/parasympatholytic - atropine
Holosystolic murmur, left apex
Young Animals:
Older Animals:
Cats: - ANSWER Mitral regurgitation
2
Failure of closure of foramen ovale will lead to what? - ANSWER shunting blood from
left atrium to right atrium
What are the 4 parts of tetralogy of fallot? - ANSWER - dextropositioned aorta
- pulmonic valve stenosis
- ventricular septal defect
- right ventricular hypertrophy
When will you see polycythemia? - ANSWER right sided heart failure or right to left
shunt will lead to hypoxemia
What type of shunt do you not repair? - ANSWER right to left shunting PDA
What valve does valvular endocarditis effect?
in cows
in small animals & horses - ANSWER tricuspid valve in cows
aortic & mitral valve in SA & horses
How do you dx valvular endocarditis? - ANSWER vegetative lesions on heart valves
What are some signs of pericardial effusion? - ANSWER -Causes: hemangiosacroma
1
, - Muffled heart sounds
-pulsus paradoxicus
-electrical alternas
-Rads: Enlarged globoid heart
-Necropy: nutmeg liver
TX: pericardiocentesis
What type of ECG is this? - ANSWER Hyperkalemia/Atrial stand still: No P wave,
increase P-R, Widened QRS, TALL T tented t waves
What type of ECG is this? - ANSWER 1st degree AV block: increased P-R interval & no
dropped QRS
What type ECG is this? & Treatment - ANSWER AV block 2nd degree - Mobitz type 1: P-
R interval progressively gets longer until there is dropped QRS.
TX: Atropine/GP | Horses normal no tx
What type of ECG is this? TX? - ANSWER AV bloc 2nd degree Mobitz type 2: PR
constant, P wave w/out QRS
Tx: atropine/GP | Horses normal no tx
What type of ECG is this? TX? - ANSWER AV block 3rd degree - P wave unassociated
with QRS
TX: pacemaker (chronic) | Catecholamine/parasympatholytic - atropine
Holosystolic murmur, left apex
Young Animals:
Older Animals:
Cats: - ANSWER Mitral regurgitation
2
