100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED
UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
What is the classic presentation of diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia
Increased appetite, but weight loss
If ketoacidosis is present: vomiting, lethargy, inappetence
How do you diagnose diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER blood work, urinalysis:
hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, may have increased ALP enzyme, glucosuria, may
have ketonuria and low USG
Fructosamine levels: estimate of blood glucose levels over previous 2 weeks
How do you treat diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER if stable: long acting insulin (NPH or
vetsulin), diet change (high fiber, prescription diet)
Is ketoacidotic: hospitalize for IV fluids, anti emetics, and supportive care, including
correcting potassium and phosphorus changes. Give short acting regular insulin until ketosis
resolves
What is the classic presentation of cushing's disease? - ANSWER the four p's: polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, panting
Truncal alopecia
Pot belly appearance
Thin skin or cutaneous atrophy
1
,What are the types of Cushing's disease? - ANSWER iatrogenic: due to excessive or
prolonged corticosteroid therapy
Pituitary dependent: pituitary mass causes excessive release of ACTH, which stimulates over
production of cortisol
Adrenal dependent: adrenal mass produces excessive cortisol
How do you diagnose Cushing's disease? - ANSWER urine cortisol to creatinine ratio:
normal rules out Cushing's
ACTH stimulation test: test of choice for iatrogenic Cushing's
Low dose dexamethasone suppression (LLDS) test: higher sensitivity for Cushing's than ACTH
stim test, best for pituitary or adrenal dependent Cushing's
Endogenous ACTH: differentiate pituitary from adrenal Cushing's, but not the best test
High dose dexamethasone suppression test: may help diagnose pituitary Cushing's
Abdominal ultrasound: to help differentiate pituitary from adrenal Cushing's
How do you treat Cushing's? - ANSWER to treat pituitary dependent Cushing's:
trilostane to inhibit cortisol production, Lysodren to cause necrosis and destruction of the
cortisol producing portion, or surgery
To treat adrenal dependent Cushing's" surgical is best, but trilostane and lysodren can help
reduce cortisol levels and treat clinical signs (but not the tumor)
What is the classic presentation of collapsing trachea? - ANSWER small or toy breed,
middle aged dog with:
Honking cough that is exacerbated by excitement
End coughing retch
Cyanosis or exercise intolerance if severe
2
, How do diagnose collapsing trachea? - ANSWER thoracic radiographs may catch it and
can rule out other diseases
Fluoroscopy
Endoscopy
How do you treat collapsing trachea? - ANSWER medical management: corticosteroids
to decrease inflammation, cough suppressant, weight management
Surgery: tracheal stents if severe or refractory to medical management
What disease often occurs concurrently with collapsing trachea? - ANSWER heart
murmur
What is the classic presentation of immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)? -
ANSWER signs secondary to anemia: weakness, pallor, tachypnea, lethargy
Icterus
May have organomegaly, often spleen and liver
Discolored urine
What can cause IMHA? - ANSWER vaccines, infection, neoplasia, drug interactions,
idiopathic
How do you diagnose IMHA? - ANSWER blood work: anemia, spherocytes,
Test of choice: saline slide agglutination test
Coombs test
Test for infectious disease and neoplasia
How do you treat IMHA? - ANSWER immunosuppression: prednisone, azathioprine,
cyclosporine, mycophenolate
Blood transfusion
3
UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
What is the classic presentation of diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia
Increased appetite, but weight loss
If ketoacidosis is present: vomiting, lethargy, inappetence
How do you diagnose diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER blood work, urinalysis:
hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, may have increased ALP enzyme, glucosuria, may
have ketonuria and low USG
Fructosamine levels: estimate of blood glucose levels over previous 2 weeks
How do you treat diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER if stable: long acting insulin (NPH or
vetsulin), diet change (high fiber, prescription diet)
Is ketoacidotic: hospitalize for IV fluids, anti emetics, and supportive care, including
correcting potassium and phosphorus changes. Give short acting regular insulin until ketosis
resolves
What is the classic presentation of cushing's disease? - ANSWER the four p's: polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, panting
Truncal alopecia
Pot belly appearance
Thin skin or cutaneous atrophy
1
,What are the types of Cushing's disease? - ANSWER iatrogenic: due to excessive or
prolonged corticosteroid therapy
Pituitary dependent: pituitary mass causes excessive release of ACTH, which stimulates over
production of cortisol
Adrenal dependent: adrenal mass produces excessive cortisol
How do you diagnose Cushing's disease? - ANSWER urine cortisol to creatinine ratio:
normal rules out Cushing's
ACTH stimulation test: test of choice for iatrogenic Cushing's
Low dose dexamethasone suppression (LLDS) test: higher sensitivity for Cushing's than ACTH
stim test, best for pituitary or adrenal dependent Cushing's
Endogenous ACTH: differentiate pituitary from adrenal Cushing's, but not the best test
High dose dexamethasone suppression test: may help diagnose pituitary Cushing's
Abdominal ultrasound: to help differentiate pituitary from adrenal Cushing's
How do you treat Cushing's? - ANSWER to treat pituitary dependent Cushing's:
trilostane to inhibit cortisol production, Lysodren to cause necrosis and destruction of the
cortisol producing portion, or surgery
To treat adrenal dependent Cushing's" surgical is best, but trilostane and lysodren can help
reduce cortisol levels and treat clinical signs (but not the tumor)
What is the classic presentation of collapsing trachea? - ANSWER small or toy breed,
middle aged dog with:
Honking cough that is exacerbated by excitement
End coughing retch
Cyanosis or exercise intolerance if severe
2
, How do diagnose collapsing trachea? - ANSWER thoracic radiographs may catch it and
can rule out other diseases
Fluoroscopy
Endoscopy
How do you treat collapsing trachea? - ANSWER medical management: corticosteroids
to decrease inflammation, cough suppressant, weight management
Surgery: tracheal stents if severe or refractory to medical management
What disease often occurs concurrently with collapsing trachea? - ANSWER heart
murmur
What is the classic presentation of immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)? -
ANSWER signs secondary to anemia: weakness, pallor, tachypnea, lethargy
Icterus
May have organomegaly, often spleen and liver
Discolored urine
What can cause IMHA? - ANSWER vaccines, infection, neoplasia, drug interactions,
idiopathic
How do you diagnose IMHA? - ANSWER blood work: anemia, spherocytes,
Test of choice: saline slide agglutination test
Coombs test
Test for infectious disease and neoplasia
How do you treat IMHA? - ANSWER immunosuppression: prednisone, azathioprine,
cyclosporine, mycophenolate
Blood transfusion
3
