UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Layers of the tear film - ANSWER mucous portion; aqueous portion; lipid portion
Mucous portion of tear film - ANSWER conjunctival goblet cells > keep tear film
adhered
Aqueous portion of tear film - ANSWER lacrimal gland; gland of third eyelid > nutrition
and immunological factors
Lipid portion of tear film - ANSWER meibomian glands > for even spreading and
prevents evaporation
Cataracts - ANSWER increased opacity in the LENS > diffuse changes throughout lens
Cataracts causes - ANSWER trauma (disrupting lens fibers or causing uveitis)
Anterior uveitis (most common in cats, inherited cataracts rare)
Aging
Intraocular disease
1
,Endocrine disease in dogs (diabetes mellitus)
Cataracts treatment - ANSWER phacoemulsification
Incomplete vs complete cataracts - ANSWER incomplete - can see through; not
completely ossified; tapetal reflection can be seen through
Complete - can't see through; completely ossified; tapetal reflection can't be observed
Incipien cataract - ANSWER focal cataract, should only have minor effect on vision
Does not necessitate lens removal
Resorbing cataract - ANSWER degradation of lens proteins after development of a
cataract
Glaucoma breed dispositions - ANSWER purebreds; cocker spaniels; bassethounds;
beagles; samoyeds
Primary glaucoma - ANSWER iridocorneal angle that becomes compromised during
first few years of life and eventually causes acute pressure spike > decreased outflow of
aqueous leads to glaucoma because pressure increases in eye
Secondary glaucoma - ANSWER anterior uveitis (inflammatory debris plug iridocorneal
angle), intraocular neoplasia, diabetes
Glaucoma clinical signs - ANSWER ocular pain; buphthalmos; corneal edema;
mydriasis; funic changes; corneal fibrosis; lens luxation; pale optic discs
2
,Buphthalmos - ANSWER big eye = chronic
Corneal edema looks like what - ANSWER blue haze over cornea
What are fundic changes that can happen with glaucoma? - ANSWER retinal vascular
attenuation; tapetal hyperreflectivity
How is glaucoma diagnosed - ANSWER measuring intraocular pressures
Glaucoma treatment - ANSWER IV mannitol (decrease IOP through osmosis)
Oral/topical methazolamide/dorzolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which decreases
aqueous production)
Topical latanoprost (prostaglandin analog)
Glaucoma prognosis - ANSWER if glaucoma is present in one eye, it will develop in the
other eye within 6-12 months
Anterior uveitis causes - ANSWER immune-mediated (lens-induced uveitis)
Traumatic
Idiopathic
Infectious
Hypertension
3
, Neoplasia
Anterior uveitis clinical signs - ANSWER rubiosis iridis; aqueous flare; hyphema;
hypopyon; keratic precipitates; decreased IOP
Anterior uveitis sequelae - ANSWER cataracts (CATS - inflammatory mediators break
down proteins)
Glaucoma
Corneal scarring (not KCS)
Anterior uveitis treatment - ANSWER topical/systemic steroids (prednisone or
dexamethasone, NOT hydrocortisone)
Topical nsaids (flurbiprofen, voltaren)
Systemic nsaids (carprofen, flunixin)
Topical atropine (relieves ciliary spasm and reduce posterior synechia development)
NOT topical antibiotics (unless infectious cause)
Chorioretinitis causes - ANSWER infectious - fungi; viral; bacterial; richettsial;
toxoplasma
Autoimmune disease (uveodermatologic syndrome)
4
Layers of the tear film - ANSWER mucous portion; aqueous portion; lipid portion
Mucous portion of tear film - ANSWER conjunctival goblet cells > keep tear film
adhered
Aqueous portion of tear film - ANSWER lacrimal gland; gland of third eyelid > nutrition
and immunological factors
Lipid portion of tear film - ANSWER meibomian glands > for even spreading and
prevents evaporation
Cataracts - ANSWER increased opacity in the LENS > diffuse changes throughout lens
Cataracts causes - ANSWER trauma (disrupting lens fibers or causing uveitis)
Anterior uveitis (most common in cats, inherited cataracts rare)
Aging
Intraocular disease
1
,Endocrine disease in dogs (diabetes mellitus)
Cataracts treatment - ANSWER phacoemulsification
Incomplete vs complete cataracts - ANSWER incomplete - can see through; not
completely ossified; tapetal reflection can be seen through
Complete - can't see through; completely ossified; tapetal reflection can't be observed
Incipien cataract - ANSWER focal cataract, should only have minor effect on vision
Does not necessitate lens removal
Resorbing cataract - ANSWER degradation of lens proteins after development of a
cataract
Glaucoma breed dispositions - ANSWER purebreds; cocker spaniels; bassethounds;
beagles; samoyeds
Primary glaucoma - ANSWER iridocorneal angle that becomes compromised during
first few years of life and eventually causes acute pressure spike > decreased outflow of
aqueous leads to glaucoma because pressure increases in eye
Secondary glaucoma - ANSWER anterior uveitis (inflammatory debris plug iridocorneal
angle), intraocular neoplasia, diabetes
Glaucoma clinical signs - ANSWER ocular pain; buphthalmos; corneal edema;
mydriasis; funic changes; corneal fibrosis; lens luxation; pale optic discs
2
,Buphthalmos - ANSWER big eye = chronic
Corneal edema looks like what - ANSWER blue haze over cornea
What are fundic changes that can happen with glaucoma? - ANSWER retinal vascular
attenuation; tapetal hyperreflectivity
How is glaucoma diagnosed - ANSWER measuring intraocular pressures
Glaucoma treatment - ANSWER IV mannitol (decrease IOP through osmosis)
Oral/topical methazolamide/dorzolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which decreases
aqueous production)
Topical latanoprost (prostaglandin analog)
Glaucoma prognosis - ANSWER if glaucoma is present in one eye, it will develop in the
other eye within 6-12 months
Anterior uveitis causes - ANSWER immune-mediated (lens-induced uveitis)
Traumatic
Idiopathic
Infectious
Hypertension
3
, Neoplasia
Anterior uveitis clinical signs - ANSWER rubiosis iridis; aqueous flare; hyphema;
hypopyon; keratic precipitates; decreased IOP
Anterior uveitis sequelae - ANSWER cataracts (CATS - inflammatory mediators break
down proteins)
Glaucoma
Corneal scarring (not KCS)
Anterior uveitis treatment - ANSWER topical/systemic steroids (prednisone or
dexamethasone, NOT hydrocortisone)
Topical nsaids (flurbiprofen, voltaren)
Systemic nsaids (carprofen, flunixin)
Topical atropine (relieves ciliary spasm and reduce posterior synechia development)
NOT topical antibiotics (unless infectious cause)
Chorioretinitis causes - ANSWER infectious - fungi; viral; bacterial; richettsial;
toxoplasma
Autoimmune disease (uveodermatologic syndrome)
4
