ESCI 1000 - final exam Natural Hazards Final Exam Review
Questions With Complete Solutions
Absorption Correct Answers - alters the structure of molecules
or causes them to vibrate and emit energy
- the energy emitted is in the form of heat or electromagnetic
energy
Adaptation and Engineering Correct Answers · Structures
designed to improve navigation and retard erosion
- but may result in undesirable deposition and erosions
· Seawalls
· Groins
· Breakwaters and jetties
Adaptation to Climate Change Correct Answers · Even with
altered human behaviour, climate will warm
- after carbon dioxide emissions are reduced, there will be a
considerable lag time for carbon dioxide levels to stabilize
- humans will need to adapt
Adjustments to Cyclones Correct Answers - Emergency
warning systems give people advance notice that a hurricane is
approaching
- Media broadcasts of hurricane watches and warnings
- Evacuation plans must be developed prior to the hurricane
season to ensure organized evacuations
- Public transportation must be provided
- Buildings can be constructed to withstand hurricane-force
winds and elevated to allow passage of a storm surge
,Aerosols Correct Answers tiny solid particles or liquid droplets
that remain suspended in the atmosphere for a long time
Albedo Correct Answers - the reflectivity of a surface
- dark coloured surfaces have a lower than light coloured
surfaces
- Much of the energy that is not reflected is absorbed.
Anthropogenic Forcing Correct Answers includes global
warming due to increased greenhouse gases from human
activities
Astronomical Factors Correct Answers - changes to long-term
climate also involve changes in the shape of the Earth's orbit that
varies on in three cycles of 95,000 125,000 and 400,000 years
- Changes in seasons observed throughout the year are due to the
Earth's axial tilt (23.5 degrees) which impacts solar angle.
- Changes to long-term climate involve changes to axial tilt over
a 41,000-year cycle.
- Changes to long-term climate involve changes in the
precession of the equinoxes over cycles of 19,000 22,000 and
24,000 years.
Atmospheric Circulation Correct Answers · At the equator,
warm moist air rises and moves toward the poles
- as it rises, it cools and loses moisture as rain
· Circulation cells create regions of high pressure and low
precipitation near the North and South poles
- land areas there are referred to as polar deserts
,Atmospheric Gases Correct Answers nitrogen makes up 78%,
21% oxygen, and remaining 1% is carbon dioxide, water vapor
and other gases
Atmospheric Pressure Correct Answers - also known as
barometric pressure
- the pressure exerted by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere
surrounding Earth, resulting from collisions of these particles
with objects
Atmospheric Stability Correct Answers tendency of a parcel of
air to remain in place or to change its vertical
Barometric Pressure Correct Answers - at the surface, air
diverges at high pressure centres (H) and converges at low
pressure centres (L)
- at the surface low, air rises into atmosphere and then diverges
in the upper atmosphere
- a surface low is often associated with high pressure aloft and
vice versa
Beach nourishment Correct Answers dumping new sand onto
eroding beaches to restore them (artificial addition of sand to
beach)
Biological Sequestration Correct Answers plants to capture +
store CO2 in stems, roots + soil
Blizzards Correct Answers Severe winter storms characterized
by
1. High winds
, 2. Blowing snow
3. Low visibility
4. Low temperatures for an extended period
Breakwaters Correct Answers - built parallel to shore
- intercepts waves to protect boats or ships in harbor
- blocks littoral transport, increasing erosion and deposition in
different locations
Carbon Dioxide Correct Answers · Released naturally by
volcanic activity, plant and animal respiration, decay of organic
material
· Removed through photosynthesis, chemical weathering in soil,
and mixing of air and seawater
Anthropogenic Sources
- burning of fossil fuels
Carbon Sequestration Correct Answers · A process that refers to
the capture and storing of carbon dioxide before it enters the
atmosphere
Causes BY Tsunamis Correct Answers - Coastline erosion and
sediment deposition
- Subsidence of coastlines
Causes OF Tsunamis Correct Answers - Earthquakes
- Landslides
- Volcanic explosions
- Asteroids
Questions With Complete Solutions
Absorption Correct Answers - alters the structure of molecules
or causes them to vibrate and emit energy
- the energy emitted is in the form of heat or electromagnetic
energy
Adaptation and Engineering Correct Answers · Structures
designed to improve navigation and retard erosion
- but may result in undesirable deposition and erosions
· Seawalls
· Groins
· Breakwaters and jetties
Adaptation to Climate Change Correct Answers · Even with
altered human behaviour, climate will warm
- after carbon dioxide emissions are reduced, there will be a
considerable lag time for carbon dioxide levels to stabilize
- humans will need to adapt
Adjustments to Cyclones Correct Answers - Emergency
warning systems give people advance notice that a hurricane is
approaching
- Media broadcasts of hurricane watches and warnings
- Evacuation plans must be developed prior to the hurricane
season to ensure organized evacuations
- Public transportation must be provided
- Buildings can be constructed to withstand hurricane-force
winds and elevated to allow passage of a storm surge
,Aerosols Correct Answers tiny solid particles or liquid droplets
that remain suspended in the atmosphere for a long time
Albedo Correct Answers - the reflectivity of a surface
- dark coloured surfaces have a lower than light coloured
surfaces
- Much of the energy that is not reflected is absorbed.
Anthropogenic Forcing Correct Answers includes global
warming due to increased greenhouse gases from human
activities
Astronomical Factors Correct Answers - changes to long-term
climate also involve changes in the shape of the Earth's orbit that
varies on in three cycles of 95,000 125,000 and 400,000 years
- Changes in seasons observed throughout the year are due to the
Earth's axial tilt (23.5 degrees) which impacts solar angle.
- Changes to long-term climate involve changes to axial tilt over
a 41,000-year cycle.
- Changes to long-term climate involve changes in the
precession of the equinoxes over cycles of 19,000 22,000 and
24,000 years.
Atmospheric Circulation Correct Answers · At the equator,
warm moist air rises and moves toward the poles
- as it rises, it cools and loses moisture as rain
· Circulation cells create regions of high pressure and low
precipitation near the North and South poles
- land areas there are referred to as polar deserts
,Atmospheric Gases Correct Answers nitrogen makes up 78%,
21% oxygen, and remaining 1% is carbon dioxide, water vapor
and other gases
Atmospheric Pressure Correct Answers - also known as
barometric pressure
- the pressure exerted by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere
surrounding Earth, resulting from collisions of these particles
with objects
Atmospheric Stability Correct Answers tendency of a parcel of
air to remain in place or to change its vertical
Barometric Pressure Correct Answers - at the surface, air
diverges at high pressure centres (H) and converges at low
pressure centres (L)
- at the surface low, air rises into atmosphere and then diverges
in the upper atmosphere
- a surface low is often associated with high pressure aloft and
vice versa
Beach nourishment Correct Answers dumping new sand onto
eroding beaches to restore them (artificial addition of sand to
beach)
Biological Sequestration Correct Answers plants to capture +
store CO2 in stems, roots + soil
Blizzards Correct Answers Severe winter storms characterized
by
1. High winds
, 2. Blowing snow
3. Low visibility
4. Low temperatures for an extended period
Breakwaters Correct Answers - built parallel to shore
- intercepts waves to protect boats or ships in harbor
- blocks littoral transport, increasing erosion and deposition in
different locations
Carbon Dioxide Correct Answers · Released naturally by
volcanic activity, plant and animal respiration, decay of organic
material
· Removed through photosynthesis, chemical weathering in soil,
and mixing of air and seawater
Anthropogenic Sources
- burning of fossil fuels
Carbon Sequestration Correct Answers · A process that refers to
the capture and storing of carbon dioxide before it enters the
atmosphere
Causes BY Tsunamis Correct Answers - Coastline erosion and
sediment deposition
- Subsidence of coastlines
Causes OF Tsunamis Correct Answers - Earthquakes
- Landslides
- Volcanic explosions
- Asteroids
