Nursing 3000 Exam questions and
answers graded A+
Ambulatory surgery - ANS✅✅includes outpatient, same-day, or short-stay surgery that does not
require an overnight hospital stay
What is included in a CBC? - ANS✅✅haematocrit, haemoglobin, red cell count, white cell count,
platelet count.
What does NPO stand for and what does it mean? - ANS✅✅nil per os (nothing by mouth)
Why are pt NPO before surgery - ANS✅✅dec risk of aspiration
- dec gastric volume and acidity
carb loading pre-op - ANS✅✅2-4hr before
fasted -> fed
dec post-op insulin resistance, thirst, hunger, anxiety, nausea, and muscle protein loss
what does ERAS stand for? - ANS✅✅Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
balanced anesthesia - ANS✅✅the practice of using combinations of different drug classes rather
than a single drug to produce anesthesia
- reduce total dose of one -> dec side effects
Stages of General Anesthesia - ANS✅✅induction, maintenance, recovery
- maintenance at stage 3 (sk muscle relaxation) = safe
Types of general anesthesia - ANS✅✅IV, inhaled gases and volatile liquids
IV GA - ANS✅✅propofol
midazolam
ketamine
,*induction mainly (rapid, but short duration)
used for maintenance too
inhaled gases GA - ANS✅✅nitrous oxide
*no muscle relaxation
volatile liquids GA - ANS✅✅deflurane
sevoflurane
*maintenance mainly (slower but more predictable)
used in induction too
adverse effects of GA - ANS✅✅respiratory depression, unable to maintain airway
hypotension, dysrhythmias
urinary retention, n/v
hypothermia, malignant hyperthermia
spinal anesthesia - ANS✅✅regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the
subarachnoid space
- L3/4/5
- greater effect in lower extremities/pelvis
epidural anesthesia - ANS✅✅regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the
epidural space
- does not cross dura mater
- affects spinal nerves nearby
- any level of spinal cord
peripheral nerve block - ANS✅✅regional anesthesia into specific nerve or nerve plexus (e.g.
brachial plexus)
, local anesthesia - ANS✅✅causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic
solution near that area
- blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels -> inhibits AP generation and propagation
- fewer adverse effects (bc not systemic)
e.g. lidocaine or bupivacaine
post dural puncture headache - ANS✅✅Caused by a leakage of CSF after spinal surgery.
Increased pressure on the brain by a decrease of fluid surrounding your brain. More present when
standing versus laying down
assessments r/t general and spinal anesthesia (post-op) - ANS✅✅- VS (BP, HR, RR, O2, T)
- pain assessment
- LOC, mental status assessment
- motor block assessment
- dermatome assessment
stressors post-op - ANS✅✅pain!!
tissue injury!
blood loss/hemorrhage!
infection (and other complications of sx)
sleep disturbance
hospital env
fear of surgical outcome etc.
finance/family concerns
loss or grief (e.g. hysterectomy)
SAM - ANS✅✅sympathetic adrenal medullary response
- sympathetic response to stressor -> release of catecholamines (epi/NE)
answers graded A+
Ambulatory surgery - ANS✅✅includes outpatient, same-day, or short-stay surgery that does not
require an overnight hospital stay
What is included in a CBC? - ANS✅✅haematocrit, haemoglobin, red cell count, white cell count,
platelet count.
What does NPO stand for and what does it mean? - ANS✅✅nil per os (nothing by mouth)
Why are pt NPO before surgery - ANS✅✅dec risk of aspiration
- dec gastric volume and acidity
carb loading pre-op - ANS✅✅2-4hr before
fasted -> fed
dec post-op insulin resistance, thirst, hunger, anxiety, nausea, and muscle protein loss
what does ERAS stand for? - ANS✅✅Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
balanced anesthesia - ANS✅✅the practice of using combinations of different drug classes rather
than a single drug to produce anesthesia
- reduce total dose of one -> dec side effects
Stages of General Anesthesia - ANS✅✅induction, maintenance, recovery
- maintenance at stage 3 (sk muscle relaxation) = safe
Types of general anesthesia - ANS✅✅IV, inhaled gases and volatile liquids
IV GA - ANS✅✅propofol
midazolam
ketamine
,*induction mainly (rapid, but short duration)
used for maintenance too
inhaled gases GA - ANS✅✅nitrous oxide
*no muscle relaxation
volatile liquids GA - ANS✅✅deflurane
sevoflurane
*maintenance mainly (slower but more predictable)
used in induction too
adverse effects of GA - ANS✅✅respiratory depression, unable to maintain airway
hypotension, dysrhythmias
urinary retention, n/v
hypothermia, malignant hyperthermia
spinal anesthesia - ANS✅✅regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the
subarachnoid space
- L3/4/5
- greater effect in lower extremities/pelvis
epidural anesthesia - ANS✅✅regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the
epidural space
- does not cross dura mater
- affects spinal nerves nearby
- any level of spinal cord
peripheral nerve block - ANS✅✅regional anesthesia into specific nerve or nerve plexus (e.g.
brachial plexus)
, local anesthesia - ANS✅✅causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic
solution near that area
- blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels -> inhibits AP generation and propagation
- fewer adverse effects (bc not systemic)
e.g. lidocaine or bupivacaine
post dural puncture headache - ANS✅✅Caused by a leakage of CSF after spinal surgery.
Increased pressure on the brain by a decrease of fluid surrounding your brain. More present when
standing versus laying down
assessments r/t general and spinal anesthesia (post-op) - ANS✅✅- VS (BP, HR, RR, O2, T)
- pain assessment
- LOC, mental status assessment
- motor block assessment
- dermatome assessment
stressors post-op - ANS✅✅pain!!
tissue injury!
blood loss/hemorrhage!
infection (and other complications of sx)
sleep disturbance
hospital env
fear of surgical outcome etc.
finance/family concerns
loss or grief (e.g. hysterectomy)
SAM - ANS✅✅sympathetic adrenal medullary response
- sympathetic response to stressor -> release of catecholamines (epi/NE)
