PSIO 305 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
The body is controlled by which 2 systems - Answer -autonomic and endocrine
The gateway for neural control of the autonomic and endocrine systems - Answer -the
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus can mediate interactions between which two brain structures? -
Answer -the forebrain (the cortex and limbic system) and the brainstem)
Where the basic homeostatic reflex is located - Answer -the brainstem
Where are the neurosecretory cells that release tropic hormones located ? - Answer -
the hypothalamus
The top-down pathway in the body - Answer -cortex/limbic system --> hypothalamus -->
endocrine/ANS -->
Body systems
Bottom up pathway through the endocrine system - Answer -body systems -->
endocrine --> cortex/limbic system
Bottom up pathway through the sensory systems - Answer -body systems --> sensory
systems --> ANS, hypothalamus, or the cortex
Simple endocrine reflex - Answer -body systems send the endocrine system chemical
asignals and the endocrine system sends back hormones to modify the body
Example of a simple endocrine reflex - Answer -low plasma [Ca2+] --> parathyroid cell -
-> parathyroid hormone --> bone and kidney --> inc. Bone resorption + inc. Kidney
resorption of Ca2+ + inc. Intestinal absorption of Ca2+
--> inc. Plasma [Ca2+] inhibits the whole loop
Complex endocrine reflex - Answer -multiple different stimuli from both the body and
nervous systems work to stimulate the same endocrine tissue
Example of a complex endocrine reflex - Answer -stimulation of insulin release from
pancreas by either stretch receptors in the stomach, inc. Blood glucose, or glucose in
the lumen of the small intestine
Basic autonomic reflex - Answer -body systems experience change and send info to
the sensory systems, which then send signals to the ANS which finally modifies the
initial body system
, Example of a basic autonomic reflex - Answer -baroreceptors in carotid sinus are
activated --> sensory impulses are carried in visceral sensory fibers --> integration in
the medulla --> efferent pathway --> PSNS stimulation decreases HR
Mind-body interactions - Answer -Relations between mental processes an body
functions
Neural control of the endocrine and autonomic system - Answer -sensory systems -->
cortex and limbic system/hypothalamus
--> ANS/endocrine systems
2 types of stress that activate the sensory system - Answer -psychological and
physiological
Examples of psychological stress - Answer -fear and anxiety
Examples of physiological stress - Answer -homeostatic imbalance, pain, and
inflammation
Psychological stress feeds to the ___ system - Answer -limbic
Physiological stress feeds to the ___, ___, and ___ - Answer -brainstem,
hypothalamus, and circumventricular organs
Which 2 stress responses are activated by stress in the body - Answer -the HPA axis
and the SAM system
The amygdala has an ___influence on the HPA axis and SNS - Answer -excitatory
Which nuclei of the amygdala are required for HPA responses to psychological stress -
Answer -medial and basolateral
Which nucleus of the amygdala is needed for autonomic responses to physiological
stress? - Answer -central
The hippocampus has an ___ influence on the HPA axis - Answer -inhibitory
How does the hippocampus inhibit the SNS? - Answer -decreases glucocorticoid
release
Lowers HR and BP
The ant. Cingulate cortex has an ___ influence on the HPA axis - Answer -inhibitory
and excitatory
Which part of the ant. Cingulate cortex inhibits the HPA axis - Answer -the dorsal part
The body is controlled by which 2 systems - Answer -autonomic and endocrine
The gateway for neural control of the autonomic and endocrine systems - Answer -the
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus can mediate interactions between which two brain structures? -
Answer -the forebrain (the cortex and limbic system) and the brainstem)
Where the basic homeostatic reflex is located - Answer -the brainstem
Where are the neurosecretory cells that release tropic hormones located ? - Answer -
the hypothalamus
The top-down pathway in the body - Answer -cortex/limbic system --> hypothalamus -->
endocrine/ANS -->
Body systems
Bottom up pathway through the endocrine system - Answer -body systems -->
endocrine --> cortex/limbic system
Bottom up pathway through the sensory systems - Answer -body systems --> sensory
systems --> ANS, hypothalamus, or the cortex
Simple endocrine reflex - Answer -body systems send the endocrine system chemical
asignals and the endocrine system sends back hormones to modify the body
Example of a simple endocrine reflex - Answer -low plasma [Ca2+] --> parathyroid cell -
-> parathyroid hormone --> bone and kidney --> inc. Bone resorption + inc. Kidney
resorption of Ca2+ + inc. Intestinal absorption of Ca2+
--> inc. Plasma [Ca2+] inhibits the whole loop
Complex endocrine reflex - Answer -multiple different stimuli from both the body and
nervous systems work to stimulate the same endocrine tissue
Example of a complex endocrine reflex - Answer -stimulation of insulin release from
pancreas by either stretch receptors in the stomach, inc. Blood glucose, or glucose in
the lumen of the small intestine
Basic autonomic reflex - Answer -body systems experience change and send info to
the sensory systems, which then send signals to the ANS which finally modifies the
initial body system
, Example of a basic autonomic reflex - Answer -baroreceptors in carotid sinus are
activated --> sensory impulses are carried in visceral sensory fibers --> integration in
the medulla --> efferent pathway --> PSNS stimulation decreases HR
Mind-body interactions - Answer -Relations between mental processes an body
functions
Neural control of the endocrine and autonomic system - Answer -sensory systems -->
cortex and limbic system/hypothalamus
--> ANS/endocrine systems
2 types of stress that activate the sensory system - Answer -psychological and
physiological
Examples of psychological stress - Answer -fear and anxiety
Examples of physiological stress - Answer -homeostatic imbalance, pain, and
inflammation
Psychological stress feeds to the ___ system - Answer -limbic
Physiological stress feeds to the ___, ___, and ___ - Answer -brainstem,
hypothalamus, and circumventricular organs
Which 2 stress responses are activated by stress in the body - Answer -the HPA axis
and the SAM system
The amygdala has an ___influence on the HPA axis and SNS - Answer -excitatory
Which nuclei of the amygdala are required for HPA responses to psychological stress -
Answer -medial and basolateral
Which nucleus of the amygdala is needed for autonomic responses to physiological
stress? - Answer -central
The hippocampus has an ___ influence on the HPA axis - Answer -inhibitory
How does the hippocampus inhibit the SNS? - Answer -decreases glucocorticoid
release
Lowers HR and BP
The ant. Cingulate cortex has an ___ influence on the HPA axis - Answer -inhibitory
and excitatory
Which part of the ant. Cingulate cortex inhibits the HPA axis - Answer -the dorsal part
