PSIO 305 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
In the presentation of a case study, I discussed a study that compared swimmers,
runners, cyclists, and triathletes compared to control subjects and showed that what
variable was statistically improved in the group of runners compared with any of the
other groups? - Answer -Increased bone mineral density in the bones of the leg
In the presentation of a case study I showed that changes in the brain leading to
cognitive improvement due to an animal being in a rich stimulating environment or due
to daily exercise routines might be due to which one of the following - Answer -
Increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor
Which of the following were given as given as models of "disuse" in our opening lecture
of the presentation of a case study?
A. Microgravity environment of space flight
B. Excessive screen time
C. Being a couch potato
D. A limb being in a cast due to a fracture
E. All the above - Answer -E. All the above
There are approximately 10 times more neurons in the nervous system compared with
neuroglia cells. - Answer -FALSE
Tropic effect - Answer -Effect of one system or cell on another
Cell body and dendrites function - Answer --Receptive area for incoming input
- cell body is also powerhouse and maintenance man
Axon function - Answer -Cable to transmit signal to other neurons or effector cells can
vary from microns to meters
Synapse function - Answer -Site of communication
What type of signals does the synapse convert - Answer -Electrical to chemical
Where is the presynapse - Answer -Axon terminal or bouton
Fast synapses dependent on what - Answer -Dependent on ion-flux through ligand-
gated ion channels
How do fast synapses generate voltage changes - Answer -From small end plate
potentials to action potentials
What are fast synapses also referred to as - Answer -Ionotropic synapses
,Slow synapses also referred to as - Answer -Metabotropic synapses
Where does the post-synaptic response occur on slow synapses - Answer -Via any 2nd
messenger cells signaling pathways
results in longer term changes in cell metabolism, protein synthesis, and activation
Neuroglia support in NS - Answer -1. Structural, infastructure, synaptic components
2. Insulation to minimize current loss along axon
3. environmental maintence
4. tropic support
Propiocetion - Answer -Knowledge of location of body
What is used to map out the input of proprioception - Answer -The homunculus
Frontal lobe association area and pre motor context involvement in movement planning
- Answer -Involved in early movement plan
Primary motor cortex (frontal lobe) role in movement planning - Answer -Relays final
movement plan to spinal cord to activate relevant motor units for movement
Primary sensory cortex (parietal lobe) in movement plan - Answer -Recieves
somatotopically arranged sensory input to be utilized in addressing key issues
Association area in parietal lobe role in movement plan - Answer -Integrates
information from many individual body parts to provide sense of "whole body"
Cerebellum role is movement planning - Answer -Motor learning, balance, coordination,
termination
Basal ganglia role is movement planning - Answer -Collection of nuclei involved in
initiation of movement, learning and choice of movement repertoires as well as in
memory tasks
EEG - Answer -Indicates electrical activity generated in regions of CNS
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized packaged and released from - Answer -
Presynaptic neuron
Where is motor command sent to (plan to move) - Answer -Primary motor cortex
What does force production depend on? - Answer -Formation of cross bridges between
actin and myosin ( number of cross bridges)
What determine the velocity of force production - Answer -The rate at which a fiber can
form and break and reform cross-bridges
, What is the best evidence that there are changes in the spinal cord with training that
could lead to an increase in muscle force? - Answer -The Hoffman reflex (artificially
evoked stretch reflex)
What are other components that are effected during growth? - Answer -Cardiovascular
system, nervous system, bone, and muscle all change
Is this change always the same? - Answer -Yes! It is important that they grow together
How is this coordinated? - Answer -By multiple signals
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Answer --loss of bone and muscle also occurs in
parallel
-> curved back due to defect in muscle
-Other systems are affected like the skeletal system
-Deficit in the muscle protein dystrophin
What happens when a rat is exposed to a novel and enriched environment? - Answer -
Enlargement in specific areas of cerebral cortex and changes in dendrites
-# of synapses or Butons increase
-long term trophic structural changes in neurons
- Slow onset BUT lasting
What is released in the brain with exercise? - Answer -BDNF: Brain derived
neurotrophic factor
What does an increase in BDNF lead to? - Answer -Increase cognitive function
What are some diseases associated with low levels of BDNF - Answer --Obesity
-Type 2 diabetes
-Cardiovascular disease
-Depression
-Dementia
-Cognitive impairment
How was it proven that exercise increases the mount of BDNF in cells? - Answer -
Muscle autopsies before and after exercise stained with a stain for BDNF
What are the trophic effects of a grasshopper loosing its leg? - Answer -Effect muscles
in thoracic cavity; with time these muscles atrophy
Trophic communication is all of the following except...
1. # of Dendrites and synaptic terminal
2. Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from fingers
In the presentation of a case study, I discussed a study that compared swimmers,
runners, cyclists, and triathletes compared to control subjects and showed that what
variable was statistically improved in the group of runners compared with any of the
other groups? - Answer -Increased bone mineral density in the bones of the leg
In the presentation of a case study I showed that changes in the brain leading to
cognitive improvement due to an animal being in a rich stimulating environment or due
to daily exercise routines might be due to which one of the following - Answer -
Increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor
Which of the following were given as given as models of "disuse" in our opening lecture
of the presentation of a case study?
A. Microgravity environment of space flight
B. Excessive screen time
C. Being a couch potato
D. A limb being in a cast due to a fracture
E. All the above - Answer -E. All the above
There are approximately 10 times more neurons in the nervous system compared with
neuroglia cells. - Answer -FALSE
Tropic effect - Answer -Effect of one system or cell on another
Cell body and dendrites function - Answer --Receptive area for incoming input
- cell body is also powerhouse and maintenance man
Axon function - Answer -Cable to transmit signal to other neurons or effector cells can
vary from microns to meters
Synapse function - Answer -Site of communication
What type of signals does the synapse convert - Answer -Electrical to chemical
Where is the presynapse - Answer -Axon terminal or bouton
Fast synapses dependent on what - Answer -Dependent on ion-flux through ligand-
gated ion channels
How do fast synapses generate voltage changes - Answer -From small end plate
potentials to action potentials
What are fast synapses also referred to as - Answer -Ionotropic synapses
,Slow synapses also referred to as - Answer -Metabotropic synapses
Where does the post-synaptic response occur on slow synapses - Answer -Via any 2nd
messenger cells signaling pathways
results in longer term changes in cell metabolism, protein synthesis, and activation
Neuroglia support in NS - Answer -1. Structural, infastructure, synaptic components
2. Insulation to minimize current loss along axon
3. environmental maintence
4. tropic support
Propiocetion - Answer -Knowledge of location of body
What is used to map out the input of proprioception - Answer -The homunculus
Frontal lobe association area and pre motor context involvement in movement planning
- Answer -Involved in early movement plan
Primary motor cortex (frontal lobe) role in movement planning - Answer -Relays final
movement plan to spinal cord to activate relevant motor units for movement
Primary sensory cortex (parietal lobe) in movement plan - Answer -Recieves
somatotopically arranged sensory input to be utilized in addressing key issues
Association area in parietal lobe role in movement plan - Answer -Integrates
information from many individual body parts to provide sense of "whole body"
Cerebellum role is movement planning - Answer -Motor learning, balance, coordination,
termination
Basal ganglia role is movement planning - Answer -Collection of nuclei involved in
initiation of movement, learning and choice of movement repertoires as well as in
memory tasks
EEG - Answer -Indicates electrical activity generated in regions of CNS
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized packaged and released from - Answer -
Presynaptic neuron
Where is motor command sent to (plan to move) - Answer -Primary motor cortex
What does force production depend on? - Answer -Formation of cross bridges between
actin and myosin ( number of cross bridges)
What determine the velocity of force production - Answer -The rate at which a fiber can
form and break and reform cross-bridges
, What is the best evidence that there are changes in the spinal cord with training that
could lead to an increase in muscle force? - Answer -The Hoffman reflex (artificially
evoked stretch reflex)
What are other components that are effected during growth? - Answer -Cardiovascular
system, nervous system, bone, and muscle all change
Is this change always the same? - Answer -Yes! It is important that they grow together
How is this coordinated? - Answer -By multiple signals
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Answer --loss of bone and muscle also occurs in
parallel
-> curved back due to defect in muscle
-Other systems are affected like the skeletal system
-Deficit in the muscle protein dystrophin
What happens when a rat is exposed to a novel and enriched environment? - Answer -
Enlargement in specific areas of cerebral cortex and changes in dendrites
-# of synapses or Butons increase
-long term trophic structural changes in neurons
- Slow onset BUT lasting
What is released in the brain with exercise? - Answer -BDNF: Brain derived
neurotrophic factor
What does an increase in BDNF lead to? - Answer -Increase cognitive function
What are some diseases associated with low levels of BDNF - Answer --Obesity
-Type 2 diabetes
-Cardiovascular disease
-Depression
-Dementia
-Cognitive impairment
How was it proven that exercise increases the mount of BDNF in cells? - Answer -
Muscle autopsies before and after exercise stained with a stain for BDNF
What are the trophic effects of a grasshopper loosing its leg? - Answer -Effect muscles
in thoracic cavity; with time these muscles atrophy
Trophic communication is all of the following except...
1. # of Dendrites and synaptic terminal
2. Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from fingers
