Psychology 1000 Exam test
questions and answers graded A+
Learning - ANS✅✅Relatively permanent change in behaviour (could be potential behavior) or
capabilities resulting from experience, changes resulting from experience can be positive and
negative
Habituation - ANS✅✅Decrease in the strength of response to a stimulus (tune certain things out if
don't need it to function, example; ticking of a clock)
Sensitization - ANS✅✅Increase in the strength of response to a stimulus (in response to repeated
stimuli, key to respond to threats in environment, example; hear crack outside the window -
potential threat so responding stronger)
Classical Conditioning - ANS✅✅Learning by associating two stimuli together
- cat learns to salivate (drool) at sound of can opener
- adult learns to salivate at sight of "Golden Arches"
- child learns to fear the nurse giving shots
- most basic
- learning occurs when organism recognize that one event predicts another
UCS- Unconditioned Stimuli - ANS✅✅stimulus that automatically triggers a reflexive response
(naturally), some things naturally trigger response
- example; food, pain, shock, predators
UCR- Unconditioned Response - ANS✅✅unlearned, natural response elicited by UCS
- example; food unconditional trigger salivation, fear, avoidance
CS- Conditioned Stimuli - ANS✅✅originally neutral stimulus (produces no reaction), which after
association with UCS, triggers a learned response
- example; Bell (if bell rings before food brought, animal will salivate at sound), tone, lights. None of
these should stimulate a reaction but because paired with UCS, will receive reaction
, CR- Conditioned Response - ANS✅✅learned response to a CS
- example; salivation, fear, avoidance
Acquisition - ANS✅✅gradual strengthening of a CR
Forward Conditioning - ANS✅✅(short-delay- stimulus still present when UCS arrives and trace)- CS
precedes UCS - gap between CS and UCS, ex. Tone occurring, stops when food brought, occurs after
food brought, not as fast as short delay, shouldn't be too big of a gap
Simultaneous Conditioning - ANS✅✅CS and UCS occur at same time - tone sounds same time as
dog gets food
Backward Conditioning - ANS✅✅UCS precedes CS - dog gets food and then tone happens after,
learning takes longer time, if at all
Extinction - ANS✅✅weakening of a CR by presenting CS without UCS
- If dogs kept hearing tone, but no food, would no longer respond to tone by salivating, CR gone
because pairing gone
Spontaneous Recovery - ANS✅✅even if CR weakened, can come back randomly ex. If dog keeps
hearing tone and no food, some time later if hear tone might salivate again
Temporal Arrangement of the CS and UCS Affects the Acquisition of a Conditioned Response -
ANS✅✅Four CS-UCS temporal arrangements commonly used in classical conditioning procedures
are shown.
Temporal means time-related - ANS✅✅the extent to which a conditioned stimulus precedes or
follows the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
Delayed Conditioning - ANS✅✅generally produces the most rapid learning
Simultaneous Conditioning & Backward Conditioning - ANS✅✅usually the least effective
procedures
questions and answers graded A+
Learning - ANS✅✅Relatively permanent change in behaviour (could be potential behavior) or
capabilities resulting from experience, changes resulting from experience can be positive and
negative
Habituation - ANS✅✅Decrease in the strength of response to a stimulus (tune certain things out if
don't need it to function, example; ticking of a clock)
Sensitization - ANS✅✅Increase in the strength of response to a stimulus (in response to repeated
stimuli, key to respond to threats in environment, example; hear crack outside the window -
potential threat so responding stronger)
Classical Conditioning - ANS✅✅Learning by associating two stimuli together
- cat learns to salivate (drool) at sound of can opener
- adult learns to salivate at sight of "Golden Arches"
- child learns to fear the nurse giving shots
- most basic
- learning occurs when organism recognize that one event predicts another
UCS- Unconditioned Stimuli - ANS✅✅stimulus that automatically triggers a reflexive response
(naturally), some things naturally trigger response
- example; food, pain, shock, predators
UCR- Unconditioned Response - ANS✅✅unlearned, natural response elicited by UCS
- example; food unconditional trigger salivation, fear, avoidance
CS- Conditioned Stimuli - ANS✅✅originally neutral stimulus (produces no reaction), which after
association with UCS, triggers a learned response
- example; Bell (if bell rings before food brought, animal will salivate at sound), tone, lights. None of
these should stimulate a reaction but because paired with UCS, will receive reaction
, CR- Conditioned Response - ANS✅✅learned response to a CS
- example; salivation, fear, avoidance
Acquisition - ANS✅✅gradual strengthening of a CR
Forward Conditioning - ANS✅✅(short-delay- stimulus still present when UCS arrives and trace)- CS
precedes UCS - gap between CS and UCS, ex. Tone occurring, stops when food brought, occurs after
food brought, not as fast as short delay, shouldn't be too big of a gap
Simultaneous Conditioning - ANS✅✅CS and UCS occur at same time - tone sounds same time as
dog gets food
Backward Conditioning - ANS✅✅UCS precedes CS - dog gets food and then tone happens after,
learning takes longer time, if at all
Extinction - ANS✅✅weakening of a CR by presenting CS without UCS
- If dogs kept hearing tone, but no food, would no longer respond to tone by salivating, CR gone
because pairing gone
Spontaneous Recovery - ANS✅✅even if CR weakened, can come back randomly ex. If dog keeps
hearing tone and no food, some time later if hear tone might salivate again
Temporal Arrangement of the CS and UCS Affects the Acquisition of a Conditioned Response -
ANS✅✅Four CS-UCS temporal arrangements commonly used in classical conditioning procedures
are shown.
Temporal means time-related - ANS✅✅the extent to which a conditioned stimulus precedes or
follows the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
Delayed Conditioning - ANS✅✅generally produces the most rapid learning
Simultaneous Conditioning & Backward Conditioning - ANS✅✅usually the least effective
procedures
