Psychology 1000 Exam test queries
and answers graded A+
Developmental psychology - ANS✅✅is the study of human physical, cognitive, social, and
behavioural characteristics across lifespan
cross-sectional design - ANS✅✅used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages
at a given point in time
longitudinal design - ANS✅✅follows the development of the same set of individuals through time
cohort effects - ANS✅✅differences among people that result from being born in different time
periods
zygote - ANS✅✅the forming of the nuclei of egg and sperm fuse
germinal stage - ANS✅✅the first phase of prenatal development, which spans from conception to
two weeks
embryonic stage - ANS✅✅spans weeks two through eight, during which time the embryo begins
developing major physical structures such as the heart and the nervous system, as well as the
beginnings of the arms, legs, hands, and feet
fetal stage - ANS✅✅spans week eight through birth, during which time the skeletal, organ, and
nervous systems become more developed and specialized
teratogens - ANS✅✅substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of
development
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders - ANS✅✅abnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and
physical development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy
reflexes - ANS✅✅involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
,synaptogenesis - ANS✅✅the forming of new synaptic connections
synaptic pruning - ANS✅✅the loss of weak nerve cell connections
sensitive periods - ANS✅✅windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of
environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability
cognitive development - ANS✅✅the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning
processes that occur throughout the lifespan
assimilation - ANS✅✅fitting new information into the beliefs system you already possess
accommodation - ANS✅✅a creative process whereby people modify their beliefs structures based
on experience
sensorimotor stage - ANS✅✅this stage spans from birth to 2 years, during which infants' thinking
about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory (eg, seeing, feeling) and motor
(eg, grabbing, mouthing) experiences
object permanence - ANS✅✅the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot
be directly perceived
preoperational stage - ANS✅✅which spans ages 2 to 7 and is devoted to language development,
the use of symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation
conservation - ANS✅✅the knowledge that the quantity of amount of an object is not the same as
the physical arrangement and appearance of that object
concrete operational stage - ANS✅✅children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating
numbers
formal operational stage - ANS✅✅ages 11 to adulthood - involves the development of advanced
cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
, core knowledge hypothesis - ANS✅✅proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding
some key aspects of their environment
habituation - ANS✅✅refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
dishabituation - ANS✅✅an increase in responsiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus
zone of proximal development - ANS✅✅development is ideal when children attempt skills and
activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are
attentive to their progress
scaffolding - ANS✅✅a highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches
guidance to the learner's needs
attachment - ANS✅✅the enduring emotional bond formed between individuals, initially between
infants and caregivers
strange situation test - ANS✅✅a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants
behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort
secure attacment - ANS✅✅caregiver is a secure base that the child turns towards - the child seeks
comfort in them and their distress is relieved
anxious/ambivalent insecure attachment - ANS✅✅caregiver is a base of security, but the child
depends too strongly on the caregiver, exhibiting "clingy" behaviours rather than being comfortable
on their own - the child seeks comfort but resists it and pushes caregiver away
avoidant insecure attachment - ANS✅✅the child behaves as though they do not need the
caregiver at all - as though oblivious to the caregiver - the child is. unconcerned with the caregiver
and strangers
disorganized attachment style - ANS✅✅characterized by instability - child learns that caregivers
are sources of fear and comfort, often "freezing", paralyzed with indecision
attachment behavioural system - ANS✅✅focused on meeting our own needs of security
and answers graded A+
Developmental psychology - ANS✅✅is the study of human physical, cognitive, social, and
behavioural characteristics across lifespan
cross-sectional design - ANS✅✅used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages
at a given point in time
longitudinal design - ANS✅✅follows the development of the same set of individuals through time
cohort effects - ANS✅✅differences among people that result from being born in different time
periods
zygote - ANS✅✅the forming of the nuclei of egg and sperm fuse
germinal stage - ANS✅✅the first phase of prenatal development, which spans from conception to
two weeks
embryonic stage - ANS✅✅spans weeks two through eight, during which time the embryo begins
developing major physical structures such as the heart and the nervous system, as well as the
beginnings of the arms, legs, hands, and feet
fetal stage - ANS✅✅spans week eight through birth, during which time the skeletal, organ, and
nervous systems become more developed and specialized
teratogens - ANS✅✅substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of
development
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders - ANS✅✅abnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and
physical development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy
reflexes - ANS✅✅involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
,synaptogenesis - ANS✅✅the forming of new synaptic connections
synaptic pruning - ANS✅✅the loss of weak nerve cell connections
sensitive periods - ANS✅✅windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of
environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability
cognitive development - ANS✅✅the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning
processes that occur throughout the lifespan
assimilation - ANS✅✅fitting new information into the beliefs system you already possess
accommodation - ANS✅✅a creative process whereby people modify their beliefs structures based
on experience
sensorimotor stage - ANS✅✅this stage spans from birth to 2 years, during which infants' thinking
about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory (eg, seeing, feeling) and motor
(eg, grabbing, mouthing) experiences
object permanence - ANS✅✅the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot
be directly perceived
preoperational stage - ANS✅✅which spans ages 2 to 7 and is devoted to language development,
the use of symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation
conservation - ANS✅✅the knowledge that the quantity of amount of an object is not the same as
the physical arrangement and appearance of that object
concrete operational stage - ANS✅✅children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating
numbers
formal operational stage - ANS✅✅ages 11 to adulthood - involves the development of advanced
cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
, core knowledge hypothesis - ANS✅✅proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding
some key aspects of their environment
habituation - ANS✅✅refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
dishabituation - ANS✅✅an increase in responsiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus
zone of proximal development - ANS✅✅development is ideal when children attempt skills and
activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are
attentive to their progress
scaffolding - ANS✅✅a highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches
guidance to the learner's needs
attachment - ANS✅✅the enduring emotional bond formed between individuals, initially between
infants and caregivers
strange situation test - ANS✅✅a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants
behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort
secure attacment - ANS✅✅caregiver is a secure base that the child turns towards - the child seeks
comfort in them and their distress is relieved
anxious/ambivalent insecure attachment - ANS✅✅caregiver is a base of security, but the child
depends too strongly on the caregiver, exhibiting "clingy" behaviours rather than being comfortable
on their own - the child seeks comfort but resists it and pushes caregiver away
avoidant insecure attachment - ANS✅✅the child behaves as though they do not need the
caregiver at all - as though oblivious to the caregiver - the child is. unconcerned with the caregiver
and strangers
disorganized attachment style - ANS✅✅characterized by instability - child learns that caregivers
are sources of fear and comfort, often "freezing", paralyzed with indecision
attachment behavioural system - ANS✅✅focused on meeting our own needs of security
