Kin 467 Exam 1 || A+ Guaranteed Exam!!
Why does behavior matter? correct answers Most frequent causes of death/disability in the
US are entirely preventable- With proper changes, risk could be significantly lowered
Define Lifestyle Physical activity correct answers all forms of unstructured physical activity
that occurs during activities of daily living- leisure, occupational, household activities
Define Factor P correct answers Stands for Purposeful or forms of physical activity that are
done for a purpose
Sedentary behavior correct answers waking behavior characterized by sitting/reclining or not
meeting the surgeon generals PA guidelines
What differentiates lifestyle PA/Factor P from traditional exercise correct answers Most
exercise prescriptions are absent of purpose, there is no reason to perform the activity- Factor
P allows target to feel like they are accomplishing something while getting exercise
Evidence that increasing lifestyle PA is beneficial for health correct answers -Study
comparing intervention of lifestyle PA to structured exercise program found that after 2
years, both groups had the same increase in overall health assessments
-Hypertension study used home-based PA intervention and found that PA increased by 86%
after 1 year
-Only challenge is that it is hard to implement on a large scale
Evidence that increasing purposeful PA is beneficial for health correct answers -Amish study
found that 100% of participants met national PA standards mostly from occupationaal PA
-Dog owners 60% met PA recommendations
Potential risks associated with sedentary behavior correct answers Cardiometabolic health
(Type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, all cause mortality)
Mental Health (depression/anxiety rates increase, decreased emotional wellbeing, low
energy)
Why is experimental design important? correct answers Necessary structure in determining
cause and effect relationships and being confident that the effect was actually due to the
cause without influence of bias
-determines how much confidence can be placed on study results
Define validity correct answers Validity refers to the soundness of the research, or the ability
of the experiment to answer the proposed question
Internal validity correct answers How well the results can be attributed to the independent
variable or treatment
External validity correct answers the ability of the results to be generalized to the public
What are the 4 types of research design? correct answers Descriptive,
Predictive/correlational, Experimental, Quasi-experimental
, Explain Descriptive/Observational research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct
answers Think of it like epidemiology or statistics of a population- the characteristics of a
population- does not tell us the relationship, just facts/prevalence/incidence of defined group
Explain Predictive/Correlational research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct
answers Examines the relationship between variables, can tell us the magnitude and direction
of a correlation if any, but not whether one causes the other
Explain Experimental research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct answers
Examines cause and effect relationships- tells us the amount of confidence that can be placed
in study result.
Explain Quasi Experimental research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct
answers Same as Experimental but lacks random assignment, which causes a lack of internal
validity
Must be cautious with inferring cause and effect
Independent variable/Treatment variable correct answers The cause/ the manipulated variable
(doesn't always get manipulated in quasi-experimental)
Dependent variable correct answers The effect or outcome variable
Covariate correct answers Secondary variable that could have an effect on IV/DV
relationship (often measured along with treatment, but is more of common knowledge like
size of the plant initially if study looks at effect of different fertilizers)
How does Quasi differ from experimental and what are the main reasons one would choose
quasi? correct answers Lacks random assignment (and internal validity)
-if it is a one group design, groups are in-tact, practicality, matching to groups
What does statistical Significance mean (and not mean) correct answers Tells us how sure
results are that difference/relationship exists (p<0.05 means less than 5% chance findings are
due to chance)
-significant? means very sure result is reliable and not due to chance
-DOES NOT MEAN that finding is important or useful for decision making
Criteria for establishing cause and effect? (STCID PE) correct answers Strength of
association, Temporal sequence, Consistency, Independence, Dose-response gradient,
Plausibility (logical), experimental confirmation
What are the 3 categories of interventions and define correct answers Primary: Intervention
occurs prior to any illness occuring (preventative)
Secondary: Focus is on changing behavior in order to reverse or stop progression of
diagnosed disease
Tertiary: Focus is on controlling complications negative health condition
What are the 4 levels of interventions correct answers Populations, communities,
organizations, individuals
Why does behavior matter? correct answers Most frequent causes of death/disability in the
US are entirely preventable- With proper changes, risk could be significantly lowered
Define Lifestyle Physical activity correct answers all forms of unstructured physical activity
that occurs during activities of daily living- leisure, occupational, household activities
Define Factor P correct answers Stands for Purposeful or forms of physical activity that are
done for a purpose
Sedentary behavior correct answers waking behavior characterized by sitting/reclining or not
meeting the surgeon generals PA guidelines
What differentiates lifestyle PA/Factor P from traditional exercise correct answers Most
exercise prescriptions are absent of purpose, there is no reason to perform the activity- Factor
P allows target to feel like they are accomplishing something while getting exercise
Evidence that increasing lifestyle PA is beneficial for health correct answers -Study
comparing intervention of lifestyle PA to structured exercise program found that after 2
years, both groups had the same increase in overall health assessments
-Hypertension study used home-based PA intervention and found that PA increased by 86%
after 1 year
-Only challenge is that it is hard to implement on a large scale
Evidence that increasing purposeful PA is beneficial for health correct answers -Amish study
found that 100% of participants met national PA standards mostly from occupationaal PA
-Dog owners 60% met PA recommendations
Potential risks associated with sedentary behavior correct answers Cardiometabolic health
(Type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, all cause mortality)
Mental Health (depression/anxiety rates increase, decreased emotional wellbeing, low
energy)
Why is experimental design important? correct answers Necessary structure in determining
cause and effect relationships and being confident that the effect was actually due to the
cause without influence of bias
-determines how much confidence can be placed on study results
Define validity correct answers Validity refers to the soundness of the research, or the ability
of the experiment to answer the proposed question
Internal validity correct answers How well the results can be attributed to the independent
variable or treatment
External validity correct answers the ability of the results to be generalized to the public
What are the 4 types of research design? correct answers Descriptive,
Predictive/correlational, Experimental, Quasi-experimental
, Explain Descriptive/Observational research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct
answers Think of it like epidemiology or statistics of a population- the characteristics of a
population- does not tell us the relationship, just facts/prevalence/incidence of defined group
Explain Predictive/Correlational research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct
answers Examines the relationship between variables, can tell us the magnitude and direction
of a correlation if any, but not whether one causes the other
Explain Experimental research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct answers
Examines cause and effect relationships- tells us the amount of confidence that can be placed
in study result.
Explain Quasi Experimental research design: what can and cannot be learned? correct
answers Same as Experimental but lacks random assignment, which causes a lack of internal
validity
Must be cautious with inferring cause and effect
Independent variable/Treatment variable correct answers The cause/ the manipulated variable
(doesn't always get manipulated in quasi-experimental)
Dependent variable correct answers The effect or outcome variable
Covariate correct answers Secondary variable that could have an effect on IV/DV
relationship (often measured along with treatment, but is more of common knowledge like
size of the plant initially if study looks at effect of different fertilizers)
How does Quasi differ from experimental and what are the main reasons one would choose
quasi? correct answers Lacks random assignment (and internal validity)
-if it is a one group design, groups are in-tact, practicality, matching to groups
What does statistical Significance mean (and not mean) correct answers Tells us how sure
results are that difference/relationship exists (p<0.05 means less than 5% chance findings are
due to chance)
-significant? means very sure result is reliable and not due to chance
-DOES NOT MEAN that finding is important or useful for decision making
Criteria for establishing cause and effect? (STCID PE) correct answers Strength of
association, Temporal sequence, Consistency, Independence, Dose-response gradient,
Plausibility (logical), experimental confirmation
What are the 3 categories of interventions and define correct answers Primary: Intervention
occurs prior to any illness occuring (preventative)
Secondary: Focus is on changing behavior in order to reverse or stop progression of
diagnosed disease
Tertiary: Focus is on controlling complications negative health condition
What are the 4 levels of interventions correct answers Populations, communities,
organizations, individuals
