PSYCH 375 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Introspection - Answer -way of learning about one's own currently ongoing, or perhaps
very recently past, mental states or processes
first used by Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer -Father of experimental psychology/ developed the
introspective method
Mary Whiton Clarkins - Answer -studied memory/ know for discovering the "recency
effect" which states that the most recent thing that was presented is remembered the
best
William James - Answer -father of American Psychology- would think about his own
cognitive processes
Behaviorism - Answer -study of observable behaviors and how we respond to stimuli
B.F. Skinner - Answer -big on behaviorism// learning is a function of overt behavior
John B. Watson - Answer -Believed that he could mold individuals by controlling the
stimulus present to them
Little Albert Experiment- infant learned that the rat was bad after it was paired with the
bell
Cognitive Revolution - Answer -shift away from behaviorism to cognition in early 1900s
Hermann Ebbinghaus - Answer -interested in memory and cognitive methods
Nonsense syllables- how long it took him to learn those syllables
Tracking forgetting- how long it took him to forget those syllables
E.C. Tolman - Answer -famous for latent learning and cognitive map
set up maze for rats and trained them how to get to goal state with rewards
- rats learned most effective route and was able to come up with a cognitive map of the
maze
Noam Chomsky - Answer -controversial linguist who believed the speech was an
innate ability
Gestalt Psychology - Answer -psychology approach that focused on perception.
Believed that the whole was ore than the sum of its parts
Ulric Neisser - Answer -Father of cognitive psychology
Focused on conducting experiments with ecological validity- relatable to outside world
, Stability vs change - Answer -experiment done examining response time and accuracy
showed the people slower at a task remain slower at a task
Nature vs Nurture - Answer -individual is influenced by both
a child's temperament is influenced by both genetics and environment
Role of the child - Answer -Development is an active process
Interaction from the child and seeking out learning something
John B. Watson- training or shaping a child is entirely related to the environment
Equifinality vs multi-finality (individual differences) - Answer -one thing may have
multiple effects
ex: sexual abuse may have multiple effects
several things may influence one thing
ex: several different things contribute to depression
Jean Piaget - Answer -developed theory of intelligence as an active, constructive, and
dynamic process
Sensorimotor Stage - Answer -0-2 years old
development of object permanence
from reflexes to goal-directed activity
Preoperational Stage - Answer -2-7 years old
egocentrism
can't think about two aspects of an object
intuitive thought
Concrete Operational Stage - Answer -age 7-12 years old
children develop logical thought but not abstract thinking
develop reversibility and classification
Formal Operational Stage - Answer -12+ years old
develop abstract thought
Zone of proximal development - Answer -area in which a child is ready to learn
Scaffolding - Answer -steps to get through assignment or task
Exact Replication - Answer -replicate earlier experiment as closely as possible
Conceptual Replication - Answer -tests hypothesis in earlier study to determine if
results are generalizable to other situations
- tweaking one or two things
Introspection - Answer -way of learning about one's own currently ongoing, or perhaps
very recently past, mental states or processes
first used by Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer -Father of experimental psychology/ developed the
introspective method
Mary Whiton Clarkins - Answer -studied memory/ know for discovering the "recency
effect" which states that the most recent thing that was presented is remembered the
best
William James - Answer -father of American Psychology- would think about his own
cognitive processes
Behaviorism - Answer -study of observable behaviors and how we respond to stimuli
B.F. Skinner - Answer -big on behaviorism// learning is a function of overt behavior
John B. Watson - Answer -Believed that he could mold individuals by controlling the
stimulus present to them
Little Albert Experiment- infant learned that the rat was bad after it was paired with the
bell
Cognitive Revolution - Answer -shift away from behaviorism to cognition in early 1900s
Hermann Ebbinghaus - Answer -interested in memory and cognitive methods
Nonsense syllables- how long it took him to learn those syllables
Tracking forgetting- how long it took him to forget those syllables
E.C. Tolman - Answer -famous for latent learning and cognitive map
set up maze for rats and trained them how to get to goal state with rewards
- rats learned most effective route and was able to come up with a cognitive map of the
maze
Noam Chomsky - Answer -controversial linguist who believed the speech was an
innate ability
Gestalt Psychology - Answer -psychology approach that focused on perception.
Believed that the whole was ore than the sum of its parts
Ulric Neisser - Answer -Father of cognitive psychology
Focused on conducting experiments with ecological validity- relatable to outside world
, Stability vs change - Answer -experiment done examining response time and accuracy
showed the people slower at a task remain slower at a task
Nature vs Nurture - Answer -individual is influenced by both
a child's temperament is influenced by both genetics and environment
Role of the child - Answer -Development is an active process
Interaction from the child and seeking out learning something
John B. Watson- training or shaping a child is entirely related to the environment
Equifinality vs multi-finality (individual differences) - Answer -one thing may have
multiple effects
ex: sexual abuse may have multiple effects
several things may influence one thing
ex: several different things contribute to depression
Jean Piaget - Answer -developed theory of intelligence as an active, constructive, and
dynamic process
Sensorimotor Stage - Answer -0-2 years old
development of object permanence
from reflexes to goal-directed activity
Preoperational Stage - Answer -2-7 years old
egocentrism
can't think about two aspects of an object
intuitive thought
Concrete Operational Stage - Answer -age 7-12 years old
children develop logical thought but not abstract thinking
develop reversibility and classification
Formal Operational Stage - Answer -12+ years old
develop abstract thought
Zone of proximal development - Answer -area in which a child is ready to learn
Scaffolding - Answer -steps to get through assignment or task
Exact Replication - Answer -replicate earlier experiment as closely as possible
Conceptual Replication - Answer -tests hypothesis in earlier study to determine if
results are generalizable to other situations
- tweaking one or two things
