Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 Questions and Answers

Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 Questions and Answers Microbiology the study of microorganisms and the diseases they cause Bacteriology the study of bacteria (ex. E. Coli, Staph, Strep, Salmonella) Mycology the study of Fungi (ex. yeast, ringworm, mushrooms) Virology the study of viruses (ex. HIV, Rhinovirus, Colds, Influenza) Parasitology the study of parasites (ex. worms, protozoans) Protozology the study of protozoans (ex. paramecium, amoeba, plasmodium) Helminthology the study of parasitic worms (ex. flukes, tapeworms, hookworms) Spontaneous Generation the idea that life just appears Biogenesis development of life from preexisting life Robert Hook Scientist in the 1600's who named a cell a cell. Made the first primitive microscope and while looking at cork it reminded him of a monk's cell. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek 1600's linen merchant Father of microscopes. He used them to view thread counts and to look at blood and pond water. Labeled Father of Micrology. Francesco Redi Italian Scientist in the 1600's proponent of biogenesis. Redi's experiment was performed with meat and flies to try and disprove spontaneous generation. Lazzaro Spallanzani Italian Scientist in the 1700's who experimented with boiled broth and not allowing air in to try and disprove spontaneous generation. Rudolf Virchow In the 1800's determined that cells must come from preexisting cells, Looked at tissues, known as the Father of Pathology. Louis Pasteur In the 1800's tested spontaneous generation using boiled broth and a flask with a curved neck to prevent organisms from getting in. Disproved spontaneous generation by allowing air in but not organisms. Also developed pasteurization used to prevent sick wine. Joseph Lister 1800's army surgeon who first use antiseptic for surgery. Used carbolic acid (phenol) which was hard on skin but prevented infection. Robert Koch Identified bacteria that caused two infamous diseases, Anthrax (caused by Bacillus Anthracis) and TB (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Koch's Postulates 1. Whatever agent is causing the disease should show up every time. 2. The agent should be able to be isolated and grown in a pure culture. 3. Inoculation into a susceptible organism from a pure culture must produce the disease. 4. The agent must be recovered from the infected and grown again in culture. Edward Jenner Developed smallpox vaccine using tissue from survivors. Alexander Flemming Discovered Penicillin (first antibiotic) in 1929 while trying to grow staph and strep. another organism kept killing his cultures. Ignaz Semmelweiss Hungarian physician worked with childbirth fever and pressed for hand washing before surgery and delivering babies. Jonathan Snow Father of epidemiology, identified cholera after mapping cholera outbreaks in the city found a contaminated water pump. Florence Nightingale Mother of nursing pressed to have clean clinical areas and clean patients to prevent infection Hans Christian Gram developed Gram stain (gram+ =purple stain and gram- = pink stain) Felix d'Herrelle discovered bacteriophages (viruses that kill bacteria) 2 Kingdom classification Plants (flora) and Animals (fauna) 3 Kingdom classification Plantae, Animalia, and Protista (1 celled organisms) 5 Kingdom classification Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, and Monera (mostly bacteria) This is the classification we will be using 3 Domain classification Bacteria - Eubacteria (most bacteria) Archaea - really primitive bacteria Eucaryota - everything else 6 Kingdoms classification Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, Eubacteria, and Archaea Prokaryotes 1-10 microns in size no true nucleus and have no membrane bound organelles Protein synthesis is in ribosomes 70s One circular chromosome Cell membrane is the site of cellular respiration Have cell wall made of peptidoglycan divide by binary fission ex: bacteria, and blue-green algae (Monera kingdom) Eukaryotes 10-100 microns in size Have a true nucleus and have membrane bound organelles Protein synthesis in ribosomes 80s Chromosomes are linear and in pairs in nucleus Mitochondria is the site of protein synthesis Cell walls are cellulose or chitin if it has one Divide by mitosis Ex: Protistas, animalia, plantae, and fungi Monera Kingdom consists of eubacteria and archaea all are prokaryotes usually have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan Make energy by being photosynthetic or saprophytes ex = blue green algae (cyanobacteria) Photosynthetic organism organisms that make energy using sunlight Saprophytes organisms that release digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb nutrient building blocks Protista Kingdom the junk drawer kingdom all are eukaryotes may be one celled or multicellular ex: Protozoans and Algae Protozoan animal-like single celled organisms with no cell wall gain nutrients by ingesting food which is digested in a food vacuole. ex: paramecium and amoebas Algae plant-like but not true plants may be single or multicellular have a cell wall made up of cellulose photosynthetic ex: green algae, brown algae, kelp, and sargassum Fungi Kingdom Eukaryotes may be single or multicellular have a cell wall made of chitin saprophytes ex: mushrooms, yeast, ringworm Animalia Kingdom Eukaryotes multicellular no cell walls ingest food and digest it internally ex: people, parasitic worms, mosquitos Plantae Kingdom Eukaryotes multicellular cell wall consisting of cellulose photosynthetic ex: trees, grass, flowering plants Pasteurization heating something until nothing can grow in it. Kills human pathogens, makes things safer, and increases shelf life. Vaccination something introduced to the subject that causes the subject to create antibodies to the disease Immunity protection against disease Scientific naming system -binomial nomenclature (2 name naming system) -cuts down on confusion -species name is always a Genus name + a specific epithet or trivial name -the species we belong to is Homo Sapiens -Genus always capitalized and whole name either italicized or underlined Coccus sphere shaped bacteria Bacillus rod shaped bacteria Aerobic and may form endospores Spirillum spiral shaped bacteria moves with flagellum Diplo bacteria ordered in pairs Staphylo bacteria ordered in clusters Vibrio comma or boomarang shaped bacteria Strepto bacteria ordered in chains Pathogen a microbe that causes disease Normal Flora microbes that live on or in us that normally don't cause disease as long as their numbers are under control and they are located where they are supposed to be Atomic number equal to the number of Protons in an atom, never varies Atomic weight equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom Electrons part of an atom with a negative charge, located in the atomic shell Protons part of an atom with a positive charge, located in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons part of an atom with a neutral charge, located in the nucleus of an atom Nucleus (of an atom) consists of protons and neutrons, central part of an atom 2/8/8 maximum number of electrons located in the first three electron shells Atoms smallest unit of an element Isotope elements with the same atomic number but different atomic weight Ion positively or negatively charged atoms Cation positively charged atom Anion negatively charged atom Molecular formula description of a molecule showing the number of each element (ex: H2O) Structural formula description of a molecule showing the shape of the molecule Isomer molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure (ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose) Covalent Bond a bond where electrons are shared usually happens when the outer shell of the atom is half full (strong bond) Ionic Bond bond where electrons are lost or gained (strong bond) less than half full lose and more than half full gain electrons Hydrogen Bond bond between molecules or within them using hydrogen (weak bond) Synthesis reaction A+B ---- AB ex: Amino acids building into a protein, glucose building into glycogen Decomposition reaction AB---- A+B ex: glycogen breaking down into glucose Exchange reaction AB+CD ----BC+AD ex: HCl+NaOH----NaCl + H2O strong acid + strong base = salt + water Electrolyte solute that when in water break down into ions Acid always release H+ and pH less than 7 Base always release an ion that reacts with or removes H+ and pH more than 7 Salt release ions but not H+ or anything that removes H+ ex: NaCl pH equal to the -log [H+] each change by 1 on the scale is 10x less or more H+ than the previous 0-14 Functional groups grouping of atoms attached to a molecule that change molecules, always organic Hydroxyl group molecules usually end in -ol such as methanol and ethanol increases water solubility Carboxyl group always organic acids and makes it soluble but also acidic amino acids and fatty acids -COOH or -COO- H+ Amine Group acts as a base nitrogen bases and amino acids R-NH3 Aldehyde group also called terminal carboxyl formaldehyde and some cards such as glucose, smelly Ketone group also called internal carbonyl keytones, acetone, some cards such as fructose, smelly must also be attached to two other carbons Ester group also called ester linkage triglycerides, phosopholipids carbon only on one side Ether group disaccharides, and polysaccharides Phosphate group reactive and stinky amino acids and cysteine Sulfhydryl group makes things acidic phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA Organic Molecules molecules that always have a C and H ex: C6H12O6 (glucose) mostly covalent bonds Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Inorganic Molecules May have a C or H but not both ex: H2O usually smaller molecules Carbohydrates CHO in 1:2:1 ratio or close, used frequently for energy or energy storage Monosaccharides single sugars, building blocks, glucose, fructose, galactose Glucose 6C sugar used for energy, blood sugar