Apex Final 1 Latest 2024 Actual Exam 1500+ Questions And Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) Already Graded A+

APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+


Major cause of apnea with neuraxial anesthesia (and what is usually not the cause)
- ANSWER--Usually the result of cerebral hypoperfusion, not phrenic nerve
paralysis


Cause of drowsiness with neuraxial anesthesia - ANSWER--reduces sensory input
to the Reticular Activating System (RAS), causing drowsiness.


saddle block - ANSWER--given at the lower end of the spinal column (sacrum) to
block the perineal area, or hyperbaric solution in lumbar w/ sitting position
maintained until block sets up.


opioid moa - ANSWER--inhibit pain transmission (afferent signals) in the
substantia gelatinosa via the dorsal horn


benefit to using opioids with LA - ANSWER--creates a denser block


Recommendations for block placement: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists -
ANSWER--Abciximab: Hold 1-2 days
Tirofiban, Eptifibatide: Hold 8h


Recommendations for block placement: Cox inhibitors - ANSWER--Proceed if pt
has normal clotting mechanism and is not on any other blood thinners




APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | ALREADY
GRADED A+

, APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Recommendations for block placement: Thienopyridine inhibitors - ANSWER-
Clopidogrel: Hold 7 days
Ticlopidine: Hold 14 days


Recommendations for block placement/catheter removal: Unfractionated Heparin -
ANSWER--SQ: Proceed if pt has normal clotting mechanism and is not on any other
blood thinners
IV: Hold 2-4 hours b/f block, and 1h after block placement
Hold 2-4h after removing catheter


Recommendations for block placement/catheter removal: low molecular weight
Heparin - ANSWER--Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin Before block
placement:
Prophylactic (Once daily): Hold 12h
Therapeutic (twice daily): Hold 24h


Before catheter removal: Hold 12h
After catheter removal: Hold 2h


After single shot block
Prophylactic (Once daily): Hold 6-8h
Therapeutic (twice daily): Hold 24h




APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | ALREADY
GRADED A+

, APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Recommendations for block placement/catheter removal: warfarin - ANSWER-
before block: Hold 5d


Can remove catheter when INR < 1.5


Recommendations for block placement/catheter removal: thrombolytic agents -
ANSWER--TPA, streptokinase, alteplase, Urokinase
Absolute contraindication to neuraxial anesthesia


Recommendations for block placement/catheter removal: Herbal therapies -
ANSWER--Garlic, Ginkgo, Ginseng
Proceed if pt is not on any other blood thinners


Normal length of transient neurological symptoms (TNS) - ANSWER--1-7 days


Most common LA to cause transient neurological symptoms (TNS) - ANSWER-
Lidocaine


List the structures a needle passes through for an epidural block - ANSWER--Skin
-> subcutaneous tissue -> subcutaneous fat -> supraspinous ligament ->
intraspinous ligament -> ligamentum flavum -> epidural space


List the structures a needle passes through for a subarachnoid block - ANSWER-
Skin -> subcutaneous tissue -> subcutaneous fat -> supraspinous ligament ->


APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | ALREADY
GRADED A+

, APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
intraspinous ligament -> ligamentum flavum -> epidural space -> dura mater ->
subdural space -> arachnoid mater -> subarachnoid space


Organism most likely to cause post-spinal bacterial meningitis? - ANSWER-
Streptococcus viridans


neurotransmission is reduced by: - ANSWER---decreased cAMP
-decreased Ca2+ conductance
-decreased K+ conductance


Acinus - ANSWER--Functional unit of liver lobule
-hepatocytes surrounding a central vein


Perfusion of liver lobule (blood flow) - ANSWER--Arterioles: hepatic artery (25%
bld flow, 50% O2) & portal vein (75% bld flow, 50% O2)
Capillaries: sinusoids
Venules: central vein
30% CO


Kupfer cells - ANSWER--Macrophages in the liver that clean the blood of bacteria
b/f it goes to the vena cava


Bile - ANSWER---produced by hepatocytes
-drained by canaliculi into bile ducts ->common hepatic duct

APEX FINAL 1 LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 1500+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | ALREADY
GRADED A+