PAT 201 EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
3 most common causes of respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) pneumonia
2) COPD
3) pulmonary edema
Manifestations of respiratory acidosis - Answer-Headache, restlessness, blurred vision,
apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, coma
Treatment for respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) restore adequate ventilation
2) oxygen therapy
Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-hyperventilation & low PCO2
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-1) increased altitudes, hyper metabolic state
(fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis)
2) early salicylate intoxication
3) anxiety/panic disorder (hyperventilation)
4) improper use of mechanical ventilators
Manifestations of Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-Dizziness, confusion, tingling of
extremities (paresthesia’s), convulsions, and coma with signs of hypocalcemia
Treatment for Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-1) breathe into a paper bag / cupped
hands
2) treat hypoxemia / hypermetabolic status
Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-low HCO3 & increased non-carbonic acid
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-lactic acidosis, starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis,
diarrhea, renal failure
Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-1) Headache
2) Lethargy
3) Kussmaul respirations (deep breathing)
Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-1) buffering solution
2) base administration
3) correct Na+ & H2O deficit
, Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-increased HCO3 & low metabolic acids
Causes Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-1) dehydration, gastric suctioning, diuretic therapy
2) excessive HCO3 intake
3) hyperaldosteronism
4) hypokalemia
Total body water of newborn - Answer-70 - 80% of body weight
Total body water of children - Answer-60 - 65 % of body weight
Total body water of audlts - Answer-50 - 60% of body weight
Total body weight of older adults - Answer-50% or less (decrease with age)
Normal serum sodium levels - Answer-135 - 145 mmol/L
Hypernatremia - Answer-High serum sodium levels (> 145 mmol/L)
Hyponatremia - Answer-Low serum sodium levels (< 135 mmol/L)
Normal urine specific gravity - Answer-1.005 - 1.030
High urine specific gravity - Answer-Dehydration (> 1.030)
Normal hematocrit level - Answer-37 - 54%
Normal hematocrit level (male) - Answer-40 - 50%
Normal hematocrit level (female) - Answer-37 - 47%
Normal potassium level - Answer-3.5 - 5 mmol/L
Hyperkalemia - Answer-High serum potassium level (> 5 mmol/L)
Hypokalemia - Answer-Low serum potassium level (< 3.5 mmol/L)
Normal pH value - Answer-7.35 - 7.45
Alkaline - Answer-pH > 7.45
Acidic - Answer-pH < 7.35
Normal PCO2 level (pressure of carbon dioxide) - Answer-35 - 45 mmHg
ANSWERS
3 most common causes of respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) pneumonia
2) COPD
3) pulmonary edema
Manifestations of respiratory acidosis - Answer-Headache, restlessness, blurred vision,
apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, coma
Treatment for respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) restore adequate ventilation
2) oxygen therapy
Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-hyperventilation & low PCO2
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-1) increased altitudes, hyper metabolic state
(fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis)
2) early salicylate intoxication
3) anxiety/panic disorder (hyperventilation)
4) improper use of mechanical ventilators
Manifestations of Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-Dizziness, confusion, tingling of
extremities (paresthesia’s), convulsions, and coma with signs of hypocalcemia
Treatment for Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-1) breathe into a paper bag / cupped
hands
2) treat hypoxemia / hypermetabolic status
Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-low HCO3 & increased non-carbonic acid
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-lactic acidosis, starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis,
diarrhea, renal failure
Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-1) Headache
2) Lethargy
3) Kussmaul respirations (deep breathing)
Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-1) buffering solution
2) base administration
3) correct Na+ & H2O deficit
, Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-increased HCO3 & low metabolic acids
Causes Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-1) dehydration, gastric suctioning, diuretic therapy
2) excessive HCO3 intake
3) hyperaldosteronism
4) hypokalemia
Total body water of newborn - Answer-70 - 80% of body weight
Total body water of children - Answer-60 - 65 % of body weight
Total body water of audlts - Answer-50 - 60% of body weight
Total body weight of older adults - Answer-50% or less (decrease with age)
Normal serum sodium levels - Answer-135 - 145 mmol/L
Hypernatremia - Answer-High serum sodium levels (> 145 mmol/L)
Hyponatremia - Answer-Low serum sodium levels (< 135 mmol/L)
Normal urine specific gravity - Answer-1.005 - 1.030
High urine specific gravity - Answer-Dehydration (> 1.030)
Normal hematocrit level - Answer-37 - 54%
Normal hematocrit level (male) - Answer-40 - 50%
Normal hematocrit level (female) - Answer-37 - 47%
Normal potassium level - Answer-3.5 - 5 mmol/L
Hyperkalemia - Answer-High serum potassium level (> 5 mmol/L)
Hypokalemia - Answer-Low serum potassium level (< 3.5 mmol/L)
Normal pH value - Answer-7.35 - 7.45
Alkaline - Answer-pH > 7.45
Acidic - Answer-pH < 7.35
Normal PCO2 level (pressure of carbon dioxide) - Answer-35 - 45 mmHg
